Factors that predict stuttering: - correct answer ✔✔-Genetic and congenital influences predispose the
child to stuttering.
-Speech and language acquisition and other developmental influences precipitate disfluencies.
-Environmental influences, such as criticism of speech or stressful events combine with
neurodevelopmental factors to make stuttering more severe and chronic.
Fluency inducing conditions: - correct answer ✔✔-speaking when alone
-when relaxed
-in unison with another speaker
-to an animal or an infant
-in time to a rhythmic stimulus or when singing
-in a different dialect
-while simultaneously writing
-when swearing
Fluency inducing conditions continued: - correct answer ✔✔-speaking in a slow prolonged manner
-speaking under loud masking noise
-speaking while listening to delayed auditory feedback
-shadowing another speaker (repeating what they say immediately afterward)
, -speaking when reinforced for fluent speech
More Typical Types (MTT) of disfluencies: - correct answer ✔✔-Filler words: "um", "uh"
-Repeating whole words: "I want, I want"
-Phrase repetitions: "He is, he is"
-Revisions: "I want... can I have some juice?"
-Slight hesitation
Less Typical Types (LTT) of disfluencies: - correct answer ✔✔-Part-word repetitions (repeating sounds or
syllables): "b-b-ball"
-Prolonged sounds: "W------where is it?"
-Speech blocks (sudden stoppages in speech)
-Visible physical tension when speaking
-Frequent disfluencies causing disruption to speech flow
Why are disfluencies, MMT & LTT, important? - correct answer ✔✔-They help differentiate between
normal speech variations and potential fluency issues that might require intervention.
-Most people experience occasional typical disfluencies without any concern.
-If disfluencies are frequent, accompanied by physical tension, or cause noticeable frustration, it could
indicate a potential fluency disorder and professional evaluation is recommended.
typical - correct answer ✔✔Children may go through phases of increased disfluencies during language
development, but these usually resolve naturally if they are considered ______________.
Core Behaviors: - correct answer ✔✔-Repetitions
-Prolongations
-Blocks
Repetitions: - correct answer ✔✔-The core behaviors observed most frequently among children who are
just beginning to stutter.
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