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BIOC*2580 Midterm Exam Study Guide Solutions Which element is the most abundant in the human body by weight? - ANSWER-- Oxygen Small molecules - ANSWER-• sugars, amino acids, nucleotides, carboxylic acid derivatives • act as building blocks for macromolecules Macromolecules - ANSWER-• Pro...

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  • November 3, 2024
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BIOC*2580 Midterm Exam Study Guide Solutions


Which element is the most abundant in the human body by weight? - ANSWER✔✔-- Oxygen


Small molecules - ANSWER✔✔-• sugars, amino acids, nucleotides, carboxylic acid derivatives




• act as building blocks for macromolecules


Macromolecules - ANSWER✔✔-• Proteins - chains of amino acids




• Polysaccharides - chains of simple sugars




• Nucleic acids - chains of nucleotides


Myoblobin - ANSWER✔✔-- a protein that stores O2 in muscle tissue


Proteins are made up of what? - ANSWER✔✔-- linear chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

(type of amide bond)


Each proteins has: - ANSWER✔✔-• unique sequence of different amino acids




• a well defined size and structure


Proteins have diverse functions including: - ANSWER✔✔-• catalyzing reactions (enzymes)



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• forming complex subcellular structures


Basic Amino Acid Structure - ANSWER✔✔-• Each amino acid has an amino group and a carboxylate

group




• Each amino acid has a different side chain R


The central carbon atom of all common amino acids except one (glycine), is bonded to ___ -

ANSWER✔✔-- four different substituents (a chiral centre)


What are two possible spatial arrangements of the 4 groups around the cental carbon? - ANSWER✔✔-•

Designated as D and L versions of the amino acids.




• There are two possible spatial arrangements of the 4 groups around the central carbon




• The amino acids in proteins are found in the L configuration


condentation - ANSWER✔✔-- involves removal of H2O from the units being linked


Hydrolysis - ANSWER✔✔-- regenerates the original carboxylic acid and amino group


What group of the amide is the point of weakness allowing H2O to attack? - ANSWER✔✔-• The C=O

group of the amide is the point of weakness allowing H2O attack




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Under standard biochemical conditions, the equilibrium of the reaction lies in the direction of ___ -

ANSWER✔✔-- hydrolysis


For the reaction to move in the direction of peptide bond synthesis, the carboxyl group needs to be ___ -

ANSWER✔✔-- chemically modified or activated


What gives proteins its unique properties? - ANSWER✔✔-Its side chains


N-terminus to C-terminus - ANSWER✔✔-


Polypeptide - ANSWER✔✔-- a chain with many amino acids, usually a complete protein


Oligopeptide - ANSWER✔✔-- a chain with a few amino acids, usually a fragment


Since the elements of water is removed from amino acids when forming peptide bonds, the amino acids

in a protein chain are known as ___ - ANSWER✔✔-- amino acid "residues".


How can the # of amino acid residues in a proteins be estimated? - ANSWER✔✔-- Divide molecular

weight by 110


alpha carbon of amino acid (a-carbon) - ANSWER✔✔-cental backbone atom


Beta carbon - ANSWER✔✔-- the first atom of the side chain, the γ-carbon is the second, etc


Functional groups in the 20 amino acids - ANSWER✔✔-Alanine (Ala, A):


Functional Group: Methyl (-CH3) as the R group.




Arginine (Arg, R):


Functional Group: Guanidino (-NH-C(NH2)=NH) as the R group.


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