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PS 103 b questions and answers already passed 2024
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PS 103 b questions and answers already passed 2024
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PS 103: Human Factors and Safetybasic underlying principle of human factors engineering - correct answer
✔many factors make it easier or harder to make good decisions and do the
right thing
human factors engineering - correct answer ✔an established science that
uses disciplines such as anatomy, physiology, physics, and biomechanics to
understand how people perform under different circumstances.
Examples of situations that knowledge of human factors can help health care
workers avoid: - correct answer ✔- Administering the incorrect medication
because of look-alike medication names and packaging
- Ignoring a critical alarm because of exposure to too many false alarms
- Forgetting orders you gave in the middle of the night
WHO statement on human factors and healthcare - correct answer ✔"Health
care workers who do not understand the basics of human factors are like
infection control professionals who do not understand microbiology."
Human Factors Engineering looks at - correct answer ✔a science that looks
at the capabilities and limitations of humans in terms of their performance, and
then uses those scientific data to design things that we use, the systems we
work in, and the processes that we follow in order to minimize error, and
maximize efficiency, by taking into consideration all of those performance
factors.
Different types of errors are associated with two distinct cognitive processes: -
correct answer ✔controlled thinking and automatic thinking
,controlled thinking - correct answer ✔This is when we consciously, often
slowly, solve problems and make decisions.
which errors happen with controlled thinking? - correct answer ✔This is
when errors of planning can occur. James Reason called these errors
mistakes, and said they could be rule- or knowledge-based.
automatic thinking - correct answer ✔This is rapid, effortless thought, during
which we are vulnerable to what experts call skill-based errors.
skill-based errors comprise of: - correct answer ✔Skill-based errors comprise
errors of execution (which Reason called slips) or errors of memory storage
(which Reason called lapses).
solutions that do NOT work against skill-based errors - correct answer ✔-
training
- signs, labels, warnings
- having a vigilant/careful or mindful moment
- policy/discipline
skill-based error examples - correct answer ✔- forgot to grab something
- driving home from work relies on automatic thinking
- forgetting to drive to store
rule-based mistake GPS example - correct answer ✔following GPS and
consciously applied the knowledge incorrectly
, skill-based error GPS example - correct answer ✔you took a turn you knew
you did not want to take because you were following the GPS instructions
without paying attention to what you were doing
heuristics - correct answer ✔mental shortcuts: heuristics simplify thought
processes based on patterns and past experiences.
While your brain is busy performing both automatic and controlled thinking,
complex brain functions are producing shortcuts to speed things along.
heuristics and healthcare - correct answer ✔Mental shortcuts cause people
to make errors all the time; pharmacist is accustomed to filling a patient's
prescription for dopamine, and sees this: DO___MINE. The word is most likely
"dopamine." But couldn't it also be "dobutamine"?
cognitive dispositions to respond (CDRs) - correct answer ✔a long list of
common ways that humans misjudge situations that frequently lead to
mistakes (i.e., errors of planning that occur during controlled thought).
cognitive errors in healthcare fall into 2 broad categories - correct answer
✔1. faulty assessment of probability (overestimating the likelihood of
something)
2. failure to seriously consider all relevant possibilities
How could we design systems to catch cognitive errors which every human
being will make and try to catch them early as opposed to late? Examples: -
correct answer ✔o Doing simulation even in training to understand what are
the kinds of cognitive errors you would typically make and having you be more
self aware of those kinds of errors.
o Using decision support in electronic health records. For example for patients
presenting with a breast lump, instead of me having to remember the
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