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PSYCHOLOGY EXAM #2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

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  • PSYCHOLOGY
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  • PSYCHOLOGY

PSYCHOLOGY EXAM #2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

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  • November 4, 2024
  • 7
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers
  • PSYCHOLOGY
  • PSYCHOLOGY
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PSYCHOLOGY EXAM #2 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS
Learning - Answer-relatively permanent change in knowledge/behavior arising from
experience

Classical Conditioning - Answer-we learn to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate
events

Pavlov - Answer-classical conditioning, putting food in a dogs mouth caused the animal
to salivate. dog began salivating at the sight of food

Unconditioned Response - Answer-naturally occurring response to the unconditioned
stimulus (salvation in response to food)

Unconditioned Stimulus - Answer-stimulus that unconditionally (naturally and
automatically) triggers a response (food in mouth triggers salvation)

Conditioned Response - Answer-the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
(salvation in response to the tone was conditional upon the dog's learning the
association between the tone and food)

Conditioned Stimulus - Answer-an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association
with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response (tone stimulus
now triggers the conditional salvation)

Little Albert - Answer-taught to be afraid of things that are white. he sees a white rat,
they bang a metal pole and he gets afraid. they do it continuously and he eventually
starts crying at the sight of the rat.

Tolerance - Answer-diminished response to a drug after repeated use

Clever Hans - Answer-horse that learned to do math by picking up on signals from his
master

Extinction - Answer-the diminished responding that occurs when the conditioned
stimulus (tone) no longer signals the impending unconditioned stimulus (food)

Spontaneous Recovery - Answer-the reappearance of the conditioned response
triggered by the conditioned stimulus after a pause

Response Generalization - Answer-tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned
stimulus to trigger the conditioned response

, Stimulus Discrimination - Answer-in classical conditioning, the learned ability to
distinguish between the conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli

Higher-Order Conditioning - Answer-conditioned stimulus in one conditioning
experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker)
conditioned stimulus (dog knows that tone=food=salvation, may learn
light=tone=food=salvation)

Scapegoat Food (Classical Conditioning) - Answer-cancer patients receiving
chemotherapy can learn to associate the nausea with a new food. patients ate hospital
food and kept their weight (experiment worked). us=chemotherapy, ur=nausea,
cs=maple off ice cream, cr=nausea

Associative Learning - Answer-certain things occur together. the events may be two
stimuli (classical conditioning) or a response and it's consequences (operant
conditioning)

Operant Conditioning - Answer-we learn to associate a response and its consequences
and thus repeat actions followed by good results.

Operant Behavior - Answer-behavior that operates on the environment to produce
consequences

Law of Effect - Answer-rewarded behavior is likely to recur.

Skinner - Answer-Operant Conditioning experiments. Taught pigeons to walk, play ping-
pong and keep a missile on course.

Skinner's Box - Answer-operant chamber, has a bar or key that an animal presses or
pecks to release a reward of food or water, and a devise that records the responses.

Shaping - Answer-Operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior
toward closer and closer approximations

Negative Reinforcement - Answer-positive behavior followed by removal of negative
consequences

Positive Punishment - Answer-decrease in a negative behavior followed by positive
consequence

Observational Learning - Answer-learning by observing and imitating others

Vicarious Conditioning - Answer-learning the consequences of an action from observing
its consequences from someone else (Bandura BoBo doll experiment)

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