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USC BISC 120 Final Exam Trond Sigurdsen Questions and Answers

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USC BISC 120 Final Exam Trond Sigurdsen Questions and Answers What is the largest group of deuterostomes? - ANSWER-chordates Chordates are mostly vertebraes or invertebrates? Primitive chordates have this structure - ANSWER- They are mostly vertebrates but there are some primitive forms with a ...

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USC BISC 120 Final Exam Trond Sigurdsen

Questions and Answers

What is the largest group of deuterostomes? - ANSWER✔✔-chordates

Chordates are mostly vertebraes or invertebrates? Primitive chordates have this structure - ANSWER✔✔-

They are mostly vertebrates but there are some primitive forms with a notochord

What are the three types of chordates? - ANSWER✔✔-vertebrates, lancelets, tunicates

What is the amphioxus? - ANSWER✔✔-a lancelet

These two are the simplest chordates - ANSWER✔✔-lancelets and tunicates

What do lancelets and tunicates lack? What do they have instead? - ANSWER✔✔-They lack a vertebral

column but have a notochord as juveniles. Adult lancelets also have a notochord

What are the five notable features of chordates? - ANSWER✔✔-dorsal hollow nerve cord, dorsal

supportive notochord, pharyangeal slits/pouches, post-anal tail, myotomes

Where is the nerve cord located in comparison to the notochord? - ANSWER✔✔-The nerve cord is dorsal

to the notochord

What are the pharyngeal slits in lancelets and fish? - ANSWER✔✔-Gill slits

Are adult tunicates motile or sessile? - ANSWER✔✔-sessile

What two openings do tunicates have? - ANSWER✔✔-incurrent and excurrent siphone

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What do large apparatus do tunicates use to filter water? - ANSWER✔✔-the pharynx

Describe the larva of tunicates - ANSWER✔✔-free-swimming with typical chordate characteristics

What does the dorsal hollow nerve cord develop into? - ANSWER✔✔-It develops into the central

nervous system,: spinal cord and brain

How does the dorsal hollow nerve cord originate? What is a byproduct of this process? - ANSWER✔✔-

Originates embryonically as a folding of ectoderm dorsal to the notochord. Also, neural crest cells are

"pinched off" in this process.

What three tissues do neural crest cells give rise to? - ANSWER✔✔-Many bones in the skull, sensory

neurons, and pigment cells in skin (melanocytes)

In vertebrates, the vertebrae form around these two structures - ANSWER✔✔-the notochord and spinal

cord

Vertebrae start as this material and then form this material - ANSWER✔✔-cartilage turns to bone

In many species of vertebrates, the notochord persists through this structure - ANSWER✔✔-the

vertebral column

In humans, a small piece of notochord called the nucleus pulposus is found in this structure? -

ANSWER✔✔-intervertebral disk

This bone protects the brain and sensory system in the head - ANSWER✔✔-the cranium

What are the most primitive/basal vertebrates? What are they considered to be? Why? - ANSWER✔✔-

the hagfish and lamprey. they are cyclostomes because they have no jaw

This is another term for fish - ANSWER✔✔-pisces

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What is the term "fish" traditionally defined as? - ANSWER✔✔-Traditionally very vague; meaning almost

any animal in the seas/fresh water

The term "fish" is now thought of as - ANSWER✔✔-Vertebrata minus Tetrapoda

In cyclostomes, what supports the mouth? What are the teeth made of? - ANSWER✔✔-Mouth

supported by musculature (not skeleton) and teeth made of horny material

Describe the location of fins on cyclostomes - ANSWER✔✔-Fins along the body, but not paired

Describe the skeleton of cyclostomes? What is the important part? What is the rest made of? -

ANSWER✔✔-Skeleton: notochord is an important part, rest is made from cartilage (and relatively

simple),

This group of cyclostomes are considered to be the most primitive surviving vertebrates - ANSWER✔✔-

hagfish (rudimentary vertebrate)

The term for a jawless fish that also includes extinct species like connodonts is - ANSWER✔✔-agnathan

What do hagfish eat? - ANSWER✔✔-They are scavengers who eat rotting fish, dead whales etc.,

sometimes carnivorous

What is a defense mechanism of hagfish? - ANSWER✔✔-Glands along body produce copious amounts of

slime to deter potential predators

Unlike hagfish, lampreys have this structure - ANSWER✔✔-a true vertebral column composed of

cartilaginous vertebrae

Despite having a true vertebral column made of cartilage, the main skeletal support structure of

lampreys is still this - ANSWER✔✔-notochord

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Lampreys are this type of parasite, what do they eat? - ANSWER✔✔-ectoparasites who eat tissue and

drink blood

What are jawed vertebrates called - ANSWER✔✔-gnathostomes

What are the three common components of a gnathostome? - ANSWER✔✔-jaws (skeletal support of

mouth), paired fins (pectoral and pelvic fins), lateral line system (sensory system along the body)

How are jaws believed to have evolved? - ANSWER✔✔-Jaws may have evolved by modifications of

skeletal support (gill arches) of the anterior pharyngeal slits (gill slits). They might have originally been

part of a system for filter feeding and respiration

The development of these two structures allowed for fish to become more active and to bite off chunks

of food. - ANSWER✔✔-jaw and paired fins

What structures compose the lateral line system? What does this system do? - ANSWER✔✔-Fish have

canals in the skin with pores. They also have cupula with sensory hairs (neuromast sensory organs) that

can sense water displacement

What are the four lineages of gnathostomes? - ANSWER✔✔-chondrichthyans, ray-finned fish, lobe-

finned fish, tetrapods

These two gnathostome lineages are considered to be "bony fish" (osteichthyans) - ANSWER✔✔-ray-

finned and lobe-finned fish

Chondrichthyans include - ANSWER✔✔-Sharks, rays, ratfish (chimaera)

What are chondrichthyan skeletons made of? - ANSWER✔✔-cartilage

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