Exam (elaborations)
PN 145 MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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PN 145 MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS...
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65-74 years old - ANSWER Adaption to retirementChanging physical abilities
Chronic illness may develop
75-84 years old - ANSWER Decline in speed of movement
Balance issues
Increased dependence on others
85+ years old - ANSWER Increasing physical limitations
May need help with self-care
65-74 years old- Nursing Responsibilities - ANSWER Assist patient
with being mentally & physically active
75-84 years old- Nursing Responsibilities - ANSWER Assisting patients
with coping with the loss of their own abilities. Loss of loved ones
85+ years old- Nursing Responsibilities - ANSWER Main priority is
assisting patients with ADLS
Changes with the Integumentary system - ANSWER Decreased skin
turgor
Decreased subcutaneous fat
Melanocytes cluster
Thinning and greying hair
Thickening of fingernails and toenails
Changes with the Cardiovascular System - ANSWER Decreased chest
wall movement
Loss of viral capacity
Kyphosis occurs
Oxygen levels decrease by 10-15%
Reduced cardiac output
Decreased peripheral circulation
,Increased resistance increases
Capillary refill thicken
Changes with the Neurological system - ANSWER Slower reaction time
Decreased touch, smell and taste sensations
Decreased visual activity
Inability to hear high-pitched sounds
Reduced spatial awareness
Changes with the Gastrointestinal system - ANSWER Decreased
production of saliva
Gag reflex is decreased
Decreased digestive enzymes
Decreased intestinal motility
Changes with the Musculoskeletal system - ANSWER Intervertebral
disc changes
Decreased muscle strength and tone
Decalcification of bones
Degeneration of joints
Changes with the Genitourinary - ANSWER Decreased bladder
capacity
Prostate hypertrophy/stress incontinence
Decrease in hormone production
Atrophy of breast tissue
Kidney mass loss
Changes with the Endocrine system - ANSWER Decrease in thyroid
function
Decrease in sensitivity of cells to insulin
Pituitary gland decreases in size and function
Increased blood glucose levels
Adrenal glands produce less cortisol
Changes in Immune - ANSWER Decreased production of antibodies by
B cells
Increased production of autoantibodies
,Decreased core body temperature
Decreased T cell function
Decreased stress response
Decreased response to immunizations
Cognition- Perception - ANSWER Interpretation of stimuli
Cognition- Attention - ANSWER The brains ability to remain alert and
aware
Cognition- Memory - ANSWER The process of retaining, storing, and
retrieving information
Delerium - ANSWER Acute
Causes- physiological or related to change
Can be a warning sign
Dementia - ANSWER Chronic and progressive
Cause can be unknown
Depression - ANSWER Chronic, acute or gradual onset
Alzheimer's disease - ANSWER Most common form of dementia
Accounts for approx. 80% of all dementia cases
Progressive
Degenerative changes related to neuronal death
Vascular dementia - ANSWER Result of decreased perfusion to the
brain
Symptoms vary depending on the area of the brain affected
Cognitive changes may occur suddenly following a stroke or may follow
the "saw tooth" pattern
Lewy body dementia - ANSWER Presence of Lewy bodies in the cortex
and brainstem
Presents similarly to Alzheimer disease but with an earlier appearance
of visual hallucinations and parkinsonian features
Irreversible, progresses more rapidly than Alzheimer disease
, Early onset alzheimers - ANSWER Before age 65
Rare
Genetic or sporadic
Late onset Alzheimer's - ANSWER After age 65
Accounts for more than 90% of the cases
Genetic factors may increase risk
Non-modifiable risk factors - ANSWER Age
Sex
Family hx
Genetic factors
Race
Modifiable risk factors - ANSWER Diabetes
Midlife obesity
Hypertension
Hyperlipidemia
Smoking
Sedentary lifestyle
Traumatic brain injury
Progression of Alzheimer's - ANSWER Early stages include neuronal
death in parts of the brain involved in memory
Late stages include neuronal death in parts of the brain responsible for
language, reasoning and social behavior
Disease progression continues to other parts of the brain
Gradual loss of function
Death
Stage 1 Alzheimer's - ANSWER Reduced concentration
Memory lapses
Difficulty learning new things
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