NURS 611||NUR 611 EXAM 4 HIGHLY
GRADED QUASTION AND ANSWERS
WELL ELABORATED(2024-2025)
VERIFIED GRADED A+!!
How much of the cardiac output do the kidneys require? (CORRECT
ANSWERS) 20-25%
What causes the umbilical referred pain with kidney stones?
(CORRECT ANSWERS) sensory innervation of the upper part of the
ureter arising from the 10th thoracic nerve root.
What are the clinical manifestations of a UTI in older adults?
(CORRECT ANSWERS) confusion and poorly localized abdominal
discomfort (symptoms are vague).
What is pyelonephritis? (CORRECT ANSWERS) it is an infection of
one or both upper urinary tracts(ureter, renal pelvis, and kidney
interstitium).
What are the underlying risk factors for the development of
pyelonephritis? (CORRECT ANSWERS) urinary obstruction and reflux
of urine from the bladder (vesicoureteral reflux).
What microorganisms are associated with acute pyelonephritis?
(CORRECT ANSWERS) e. coli, proteus, or pseudomonas.
,What do the microorganisms that cause pyelonephritis do to increase the
risk of stone formation? (CORRECT ANSWERS) the microorganisms
split urea into ammonia, making alkaline urine that increases the risk.
Define painful bladder syndrome (interstitial cystitis). (CORRECT
ANSWERS) it is a condition that includes nonbacterial infectious
cystitis and noninfectious cystitis.
It is possible that noninfectious cystitis is caused by an autoimmune
response. What happens during an autoimmune reaction? (CORRECT
ANSWERS) it may be responsible for inflammatory response, which
includes mast cell activation, altered epithelial permeability,
neuroinflammation, and increased sensory nerve stimulation.
How is a diagnosis of IC differentiated from a diagnosis of
pyelonephritis? (CORRECT ANSWERS) urine culture, urinalysis, and
clinical signs and symptoms. White blood cell casts indicate
pyelonephritis, but they are not always present in the urine.
What lab values point to a reduced GFR? (CORRECT ANSWERS)
elevated plasma urea, creatinine concentration, or reduced renal
creatinine clearance.
What is acute glomerulonephritis? (CORRECT ANSWERS) it is a term
that includes renal diseases that cause glomerular inflammation through
immune mechanisms.
, What happens to the GFR during an inflammatory response?
(CORRECT ANSWERS) the glomerular capillary filtration membrane
including the endothelium, basement membrane, and epithelium
(podocytes) are damaged by inflammation causing immune mechanisms.
What are the classic symptoms of acute glomerulonephritis?
(CORRECT ANSWERS) sudden onset of hematuria including red blood
cell casts and proteinuria (milder than nephrotic syndrome), and in more
severe cases, these symptoms are also accompanied by edema,
hypertension, and impaired renal function.
What is nephrotic syndrome? (CORRECT ANSWERS) It is the
excretion of 3.0 g or more of protein (massive proteinuria) in the urine
per day, hypoalbuminemia (less than 3.0 g/dl), and peripheral edema.
What is nephrotic syndrome characteristic of? (CORRECT ANSWERS)
glomerular injury.
What are the primary causes of nephrotic syndrome? (CORRECT
ANSWERS) minimal change disease (lipoid nephrosis), membranous
glomerulonephritis, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.
What are the secondary forms of nephrotic syndrome? (CORRECT
ANSWERS) they occur in systemic diseases including DM,
amyloidosis, and SLE. It is also seen with certain drugs, infections,
malignancies, and vascular disorders.
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