Exam (elaborations)
PRAXIS PLT K-6 (ETS BASED QUESTIONS)
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PRAXIS PLT K-6 (ETS BASED QUESTIONS)
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PRAXIS PLT K-6 (ETS BASED QUESTIONS)Ability grouping. - Answers- The process of placing students of similar abilities into
groups, and attempting to match instruction to the needs of these groups.
Authentic activity. - Answers- Approach to instruction similar to one students might
encounter in the outside world.
Cognitive apprenticeship - Answers- Mentorship in which a teacher and a student work
together on a challenging task and the teacher gives guidance about how to think about
the task.
Collaboration - Answers- A philosophy about how to relate to others—how to learn and
work.
Collective self-efficacy - Answers- Shared belief of members of a group that they can
be successful when they work together on a task.
Deductive reasoning - Answers- Process of drawing a logical inference about
something that must be true, given other information that has already been presented
as true.
Expository instruction - Answers- Approach to instruction in which information is
presented in more or less the same form in which students are expected to learn it.
Guided participation - Answers- A child's performance, with guidance and support, of an
activity in the adult world.
Heterogeneous ability grouping - Answers- A strategy that groups students of varied
ability instead of by grade/age level.
Inductive reasoning - Answers- Collecting data to draw a conclusion that may or may
not be true.
Learner-centered instruction - Answers- Approach to teaching in which instructional
strategies are chosen largely on the basis of students' existing abilities, predispositions,
and needs.
Learner-directed instruction - Answers- Approach to instruction in which students have
considerable say in the issues they address and how to address them.
Learning strategy - Answers- Intentional use of one or more cognitive processes for a
particular learning task.
,Problem-based learning - Answers- Classroom activity in which students acquire new
knowledge and skills while working on a complex problem similar to those in the outside
world.
Reciprocal teaching - Answers- Approach to teaching reading and listening
comprehension in which students take turns asking teacher-like questions of
classmates.
Antecedents - Answers- Stimuli that precede and induce behaviors.
Applied behavior analysis - Answers- Systematic application of stimulus-response
principles to address a chronic behavior problem.
Attributions - Answers- Personally constructed causal explanations for a success or
failure.
Attribution theory - Answers- Theoretical perspective focusing on people's explanations
(attributions) concerning the causes of events that befall them, as well as on the
behaviors that result from such explanations.
Goal theory - Answers- Theoretical perspective that portrays human motivation as
being directed toward particular goals; the nature of these goals determines the specific
ways in which people think and behave.
Humanism - Answers- Philosophical perspective in which people are seen as having
tremendous potential for psychological growth and as continually striving to fulfill that
potential. Adherents to this perspective are called humanists
Locus of causality - Answers- The location—internal or external—of the cause of
behavior
Mastery orientation - Answers- General, fairly pervasive belief that one is capable of
accomplishing challenging tasks.
Need for arousal - Answers- Ongoing need for either physical or cognitive stimulation.
Need for competence - Answers- Basic need to believe that one can deal effectively
with the overall environment.
Need for relatedness - Answers- Basic need to feel socially connected to others and to
secure others' love and respect.
Need for self-determination - Answers- Basic need to believe that one has some
autonomy and control regarding the course of one's life.
, Negative reinforcement - Answers- Phenomenon in which a response increases as a
result of the removal (rather than presentation) of a stimulus.
Performance-approach goal - Answers- Desire to look good and receive favorable
judgments from others.
Performance-avoidance goal - Answers- Desire not to look bad or receive unfavorable
judgments from others.
Positive psychology - Answers- Theoretical perspective that portrays people as having
many unique qualities that propel them to engage in productive, worthwhile activities; it
shares early humanists' belief that people strive to fulfill their potential but also shares
contemporary psychologists' belief that theories of motivation must be research-based.
Positive reinforcement - Answers- Phenomenon in which a response increases as a
result of the presentation (rather than removal) of a stimulus.
Presentation punishment - Answers- Punishment involving presentation of a new
stimulus, presumably one a learner finds unpleasant.
Primary reinforcer - Answers- Consequence that satisfies a biologically built-in need.
Punishment - Answers- Consequence that decreases the frequency of the response it
follows.
Reinforcement - Answers- Act of following a response with a reinforcer.
Reinforcer - Answers- Consequence of a response that leads to increased frequency of
the response.
Removal punishment - Answers- Punishment involving removal of an existing stimulus,
presumably one a learner finds desirable and doesn't want to lose.
Secondary reinforcer - Answers- Consequence that becomes reinforcing over time
through its association with another reinforcer.
Self-determination theory - Answers- Theoretical perspective proposing that human
beings have a basic need for autonomy (self-determination) about the courses that their
lives take; it further proposes that humans also have basic needs to feel competent and
to have close, affectionate relationships with others. Also see need for self-
determination.
Self-handicapping - Answers- Behavior that undermines one's success as a way of
protecting self-worth during difficult tasks.
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