100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
CSB520 EXAM LATEST UPDATE $9.99   Add to cart

Exam (elaborations)

CSB520 EXAM LATEST UPDATE

 0 view  0 purchase
  • Course
  • CSB520
  • Institution
  • CSB520

CSB520 EXAM LATEST UPDATE...

Preview 3 out of 17  pages

  • November 5, 2024
  • 17
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers
  • csb520 exam latest update
  • CSB520
  • CSB520
avatar-seller
Flat
CSB520 EXAM LATEST UPDATE
Renal - Answer

1. Main malignancies that affect male and female urinary systems? - Answer 1. Prostate:
Adenocarcinoma

2. Nephroblastoma ( rare childhood sarcoma)

3. Renal cell carcinoma

4. Transitional carcinoma

What are the common cause of glomerulonephritis and possible consequences? -
Answer -Swelling of endothelium, decreased, blood flow, inflammation altering
permeability and focal loss of epithelial and endothelium

- decreased urinary output, proteinuria, haematuria

Consequences:

- chronic kidney failure by progression of disease from its origin in glomeruli to
tubulo-interstitial area and blood vessels

-Arterial vessels in glomerulus provide bloody supply to other areas kidney

-all areas kidney can become involved > reduction in function

- Both kidneys involved and as function of both kidneys reduces, clinical state of renal
failure follows.

Why is renal papilla susceptible to toxic injury and ascending infections? - Answer
Nipple like structure > end of renal pyramid that projects into calyx > area of kidney
where urine is at its most concentrated > can be affected by toxic injury > first bit of
kidney proper where an ascending infection will get to = causing necrosis

What are the major differences between ascending and descending infections and why
are the former more common in females vs males? - Answer 1.Descending coming down
through blood > can knock out both kidneys

2. Ascending> coming from lower urinary tract > more common in females

- shorter urethra > closer to anus > lack of prostate gland > UT more prone to trauma

- mucus changes over course of month that can cause bacterial adhesion

What are the possible causes and consequences of urinary stones? - Answer 1. Pain-
urinary/colic if stone is in muscular tube (ureter) + peristaltic wave compresses the wall
n stone > ischaemia and pain

,2. Bleeding from damage to lining epithelium of renal pelvis or UT

3. Obstruction of urine flow- depends on site, obstruction leads to infection, stones and
renal atrophy (hydronephrosis)

4. Predispose to infection - stone may damage lining epithelium reducing defence
against microorganism invasion; obstruction predisposes to infection

5. More stone formation (nidus)

6. Chronic irritation (metaplasia from transitional to stratified squamous epithelium) +
cancer

7. Severe cases cause dehydration and hyponatraemia

2 reasons why females at greater risk of UTI - Answer - shorter urethra

- urethral opening closer to anus

- lack of prostatic secretions

- increased risk micro trauma

- changes in mucous viscosity

Effects on renal failure on body - Answer a) Over activation of RAAS leading to retention
of sodium & water ^ blood volume as well as vasoconstriction of arteries & arterioles
causing ^ resistance = hypertension (can cause atherosclerosis, left ventricular
hypertrophy & failure) + ^ hydrostatic pressure causing oedema (worsened if there is
proteinuria causing reduced colloidal osmotic pressure)

b) decreased erythropoietin (EPO) leads to anaemia, lethargy and increased HR

c) Reduced activation of vitamin D & increased urinary loss of calcium & serum
retention of phosphate causes hyperparathyroidism = renal osteodystrophy and soft
tissue calcification

d) Acidosis leading to hyperkalaemia which can cause muscle stiffness and abdominal
pain or remain asymptomatic causing potentially life threatening cardiac arrhythmias

e) Increased nitrogenous waste within blood contributes to chronic poisoning leading to
lethargy and nausea, abnormal platelet functions & peripheral neuropathy

f) Loss of bone mass + lethargy = muscle atrophy

Glomerulonephritis and how does it led to chronic renal failure? - Answer - Affects both
kidneys as usually mediated by antibodies or antibody-antigen complexes in blood

- Progressive of disease from origin in glomeruli to tubulo-interstitial area + blood
vessels

, - Arterial vessels in glomeruli also supply blood to other areas of kidney

- All areas of kidney can become involved > reduction in function

- both kidneys commonly involved, as function of both kidneys reduces, clinical state
renal failure follows

What does the word blast denote? - Answer - Cancer has started in a cell that was never
normal to begin with

- sustained mutations during embryogenesis

How do kidneys respond to hypotension? - Answer - Activate
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system which results in:

- Angiotensin II > vasoconstriction

- Aldosterone > Increased sodium + water reabsorption > increasing blood volume EPO
release, which in long term increases haematocrit

- ADH release > increased thirst & H2O reabsorption

- Increased sympathetic tone (vasoconstriction + up regulation of B adrenergic
receptors in heart) > increased rate & force of contraction

In renal failure, over activation of RAAS > predisposes to systemic hypertension >
predisposes to atherosclerosis and left-sided heart failure

Risk factors for atherosclerosis? - Answer Male, smoking, increasing age, diabetes,
systemic hypertension, hyperlipidaemia

Cell of origin in prostate cancer? significance? - Answer - cell of origin is glandular
epithelial

-most common cancer of internal organs in males + 3rd most common cause of
cancer-related deaths in males

- incidence increases with advanced age

Main causes and potential consequences of PID - Answer Main causes:

- Gonorrhoea, Chlamydia + ascending infection ( staph, strep, coliform or clostridium
perfringens)

Complications:

- scarring and obstruction, abscess formation, peritonitis & sepsis infertility, ectopic
pregnancy, peritonitis, intestinal obstruction

Possible consequences of endometriosis? - Answer - common cause of female infertility

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Flat. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for $9.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

82871 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now

Start selling
$9.99
  • (0)
  Add to cart