Biology VCE Exam 2024/2025(370 questions with 100% correct answers
Nucleotide - correct answer Pentose sugar (ribose/deoxyribose), nitrogenous base, and
phosphate group
Nitrogenous base - correct answer Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil
Ribose vs Deoxyribose - correct answer Deoxyribose is missing an oxygen on carbon-2
Uracil pairs with ribose & Thymine pairs with deoxyribose
RNA - correct answer Single stranded: ribose sugar + uracil present
mRNA - correct answer Carries a copy of genetic code from nucleus -> ribosome
tRNA - correct answer Carries amino acids from cytoplasm -> ribosome
rRNA - correct answer Makes up part of the ribosome
DNA - correct answer Double stranded: deoxyribose sugar + thymine present
Base pairing rule - correct answer A pairs with T (2 bonds), C pairs with G (3 bonds)
Hydrogen bond - correct answer A weak bond between a hydrogen and an electronegative
atom
Intron - correct answer Non-coding regions removed before translation
Exon - correct answer Coding regions spliced together to be translated
Transcription - correct answer Initiation: RNA polymerase binds to promoter of the gene to be
transcribed
Elongation: RNA polymerase unwinds and begins reading the DNA (5' to 3') and builds an mRNA
molecule using complementary nucleotides
Termination: When RNA polymerase reaches a STOP triplet and moves past the coding region,
RNA polymerase and pre-mRNA detach.
RNA Processing - correct answer Capping: Addition of methyl cap at the 5' end of the
transcribed mRNA
Polyadenylation: Addition of a chain of adenine nucleotides (Poly-A tail) to the 3' end
,Biology VCE Exam 2024/2025(370 questions with 100% correct answers
Splicing: Introns (non-coding sequences) are cut out while exons (coding sequences) are spliced
together to form functional mRNA
Alternative splicing - correct answer Exons from the same gene are joined in different
combinations, leading to different mRNA.
Conjugate proteins - correct answer Proteins with materials added to it, thus making it unique
Protein folding - correct answer The variation of different folds in proteins leads to different
proteins, due to folding deciding function
Translation - correct answer Initiation: mRNA enters the ribosome where it is read in three
nucleotides called codons.
Elongation: Amino acids are brought to the ribosome by tRNA - an anticodon on one end and an
amino acid on the other. The ribosome moves along the mRNA to deliver the correct amino
acids for protein synthesis.
Termination: When a STOP codon is reached, the ribosome detaches from the mRNA and a
polypeptide is formed, joined by peptide bonds.
Universal - correct answer Genetic code is SAME in all organisms
Unambiguous - correct answer Each codon codes for only ONE amino acid
Degenerate - correct answer An amino acid can be coded by MULTIPLE codons
Why are genes regulated? - correct answer - To save energy and resources
- For cells to specialise for different functions
Eukaryote vs prokaryote (gene regulation) - correct answer Translation happens at the same
time as transcription
Operon - correct answer A series of genes that share one promoter (they either all get
transcribed/translated or none of them)
Repressible operon - correct answer The presence of a substance turns off the expression of
those structural genes (eg: trp operon)
Inducible operon - correct answer The presence of a substance allows gene transcription of
structural genes (eg: lac operon)
Structural gene - correct answer Genes that code for proteins contributing to the overall
function of an organism
,Biology VCE Exam 2024/2025(370 questions with 100% correct answers
Regulatory gene - correct answer Genes that code for proteins controlling the action of other
genes (eg: 'on' or 'off')
Promoter - correct answer The site found upstream where RNA polymerase can bind to begin
transcription
Operator - correct answer The binding site for the repressor protein, so transcription cannot
take place.
Leader - correct answer Contains the attenuator section which is further able to regulate
transcription
Repression (trp present) - correct answer Gene is switched OFF:
- Trp binds to the repressor protein causing a conformational shape change, allowing it to be
active.
- Repressor protein binds to operator, preventing RNA polymerase to initiate transcription.
Repression (trp absent) - correct answer Gene is switched ON:
- Trp does not bind to repressor as it is inactive, thus transcription can occur.
Attenuation (trp present) - correct answer - RNA polymerase begins transcription of the leader
sequence (attenuator) containg two trp codons.
- As the ribosome does not pause at the leader, a hairpin termination loop forms, resulting in
the detachment of both RNA polymerase and ribosome.
- The completion of transcription is prevented
Attenuation (trp absent) - correct answer - RNA polymerase begins transcription of the leader
sequence (attenuator) containg two trp codons.
- The ribosome pauses and waits for tRNA bringing tryptophan, causing a non-termination
hairpin loop to form.
- Thus, transcription is not stopped and the structural genes are expressed.
Amino acid - correct answer Amine group, R (variable group), Carboxyl group, Hydrogen
Condensation polymerisation - correct answer - One amino acid's carboxyl group binds to
another's amine group, forming peptide bonds.
- This results in the formation of a water molecule, and a polypeptide chain
Primary structure (protein) - correct answer A linear sequence of amino acids
Secondary structure (protein) - correct answer Local folding of segments in a polypeptide chain
(Alpha helix, beta-pleated sheet, random loop)
, Biology VCE Exam 2024/2025(370 questions with 100% correct answers
Tertiary structure (protein) - correct answer Overall 3D shape of the protein - determines
function
Quaternary structure (protein) - correct answer A functional protein made of two or more
polypeptides
Enzyme - correct answer Catalyse/speed up the rate of reactions without being used up (eg:
ATP synthase)
Hormone - correct answer Regulates body activity (eg: insulin, growth hormones)
Transport - correct answer Carry other molecules (eg: haemoglobin)
Proteome - correct answer The complete array of all proteins produced by a cell/organism
Ribosome - correct answer The site of protein synthesis & translation in a cell
Rough endoplasmic reticulum - correct answer An interconnected system of flattened channels
involved in transporting proteins to various sites in a cell
RER vs free ribosomes - correct answer - Proteins synthesised in RER are mainly for export out
of the cell.
- Proteins synthesised in free ribosomes are used in the cell
Golgi apparatus - correct answer Used to modify and package proteins for export out of the
cell
Vesicle - correct answer Cellular containers used for transporting molecules
Protein secretory pathway - correct answer - Proteins synthesised in the RER are transported
to the cis side of the Golgi by a transport vesicle.
- Proteins are modified by resident enzymes inside the Golgi where it is moved from medial to
trans end.
- Vesicles budding off the trans end are carried to the cell membrane, fusing with it due to
complementary protein shapes, and exports contents using exocytosis
Polymerase (enzyme) - correct answer An enzyme synthesising long chains of nucleic acids (eg:
RNA, DNA, Taq)
Ligase - correct answer An enzyme creating sugar-phosphate bonds joining DNA (Okazaki)
fragments
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