NMNC 3210 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 2024/2025
How is fluid balance maintained in the body? - ANSWERSElectrolytes help maintain fluid levels.
Kidneys help maintain electrolyte levels - filtration of electrolytes and water occur from blood, some being returned to blood, and rest excreted with ...
How is fluid balance maintained in the body? - ANSWERSElectrolytes help maintain fluid levels.
Kidneys help maintain electrolyte levels - filtration of electrolytes and water occur from blood, some
being returned to blood, and rest excreted with urine.
What is the role of antidiuretic hormones (ADH)? - ANSWERSRegulates/balances water level in blood.
Acts to maintain BP, volume, and tissue water.
Seen in concentration of urine.
Produced by the Hypothalamus - stored in Pituitary Gland, which directs the Kidney on how much
*water is needed to be conserved.
What happens if there is a decrease in Extracellular fluid (ECF) volume? Or if the ECF becomes
hypertonic? - ANSWERSOsmoreceptors, within Hypothalamus, stimulate Pituitary to increase antidiuretic
hormones to be secreted.
"DON'T PEE HORMONE"
Alters renal collecting duct permeability - water to be reabsorbed or eliminated. Retention increases
fluid volume and BP - decreasing urine ouput.
What is the mnuemonic for Hypokalemia? - ANSWERS"Body is trying to DITCH potassium"
Drugs (laxatives/diuretics)
Inadequate intake of K+ (anorexia/nausea)
Too much water intake (diulting K+)
Cushings syndrome (high secretion of Aldosterone)
,Heavy fluid loss (NG suction, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, wound drainage)
Other causes of Hypokalemia? - ANSWERSAlkalosis and Hyperinsulinism
What does the pulse feel like with Hypokalemia? - ANSWERSWeak. Irregular and thready
What are the 7 L's of Hypokalemia? - ANSWERSLethargic
Low shallow respiratory
Lethal cardiac changes
Loss of urine
Leg cramps
Limp muscles
Low BP and HR
What drugs are potassium sparing? - ANSWERSSpironolactone, aldactone, maxide, and triamterene
How is electrolyte balance maintained in the body? - ANSWERSBy the Kidneys - filters electrolytes and
water from blood. Some returned to blood and some excreted through urine.
Role of sodium? - ANSWERSRegulates fluid balance
Role of calcium? - ANSWERSBlood coagulation
Role of potassium? - ANSWERSCardiac rhythm and muscle contraction
Role of magnesium? - ANSWERSImmune function
Role of phosphorus? - ANSWERSAcid-Base balance
, Normal levels of potassium? - ANSWERS3.5-5.0 mEq/L
"Cardiac Rhythm"
Where can potassium be found and what is its function? - ANSWERSIntracellular and generates electrical
impulses in the body to allow muscles and the brain to function.
Hyperkalemia - ANSWERSToo much potassium. Causes abnormal electrical conduction of the heart
(dysrhythmia), Kidney failure.
*Heart and GI are tight and contracted - causing confusion, diarrhea, hyperactive bowel syndrome,
muscle weakness, and sometimes paralysis of extremities
Hypokalemia - ANSWERSTo little potassium. Caused from vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, and drugs -
diuretic or laxatives.
*Heart is low and slow - weak pulse, constipation, and polyuria (large volumes of dilute urine).
Normal sodium levels? - ANSWERS135-145 mEq/L
"Fluid Balance"
Where is sodium found and what is its function? - ANSWERSExtracellular/plasma of the bloodstream.
Regulates water and helps with electrical signals within body - allows muscles to fire and brain to work.
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