Factors that make pattern recognition more difficult - ANS ✓1. Inverse
projection
2. Image clutter
3. Object variety
4. Variable views
Inverse projection - ANS ✓A single retinal image can be caused by a number of
different stimuli
Image clutter - ANS ✓Many overlapping objects are scattered throughout a
scene.
- stimuli can be partially obscured
Object variety - ANS ✓Different objects can belong to the same category
- the idea that if you think about a chair, there are a lot of different varieties of the
chair
Variable views - ANS ✓We can recognize an object seen from different angles,
distances, and in different light
- Ex: a chair turned around
Bottom-up processing - ANS ✓Simple perception of basic features
- straightforward perception
PSY 372
, 2
PSY
Top-down processing - ANS ✓When our perception is guided by assumption,
experience, and expectations. The context affects how a stimulus is perceived
- Ex: the picture of the stick that looked like a snake, an image that can be
perceived as a mouse or a man's face. If you see pictures of a guy before, you are
more likely to perceive it as a man's face.
Perceptual set - ANS ✓A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not
another
- example of top-down processing
Factors that make speech perception more difficult - ANS ✓1. No pauses
between words
2. Different people have different vocal ranges
3. Pronunciation of phonemes varies across dialects
4. The sounds a single person produces varies
5. Coarticulation: the pronunciation of a phoneme differs depending on the
previous and next phonemes
Closure - ANS ✓Filling in gaps to make a whole picture. When you see something
that suggests there should be something there, your brain fills in the gaps. Ex:
printer that is running out of ink and your brain fills in the rest of the words
Bayesian Inference (prior probability) - ANS ✓Initial belief about the chances
of an outcome
- no evidence at all
- how common is the disease without seeing evidence before (probably a cold
and not ebola)
Bayesian Inference (likelihood) - ANS ✓The extent to which the available
evidence is consistent with an outcome
- have evidence/clues
PSY 372
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