DH226 MIDTERM REVIEW EXAM WITH
CORRECT ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECTLY WELL DEFINED ANSWERS
LATEST 2024 – 2025 ALREADY GRADED A+
List the 4 'true professions'. - ANSWERS-a. Medicine
b. Dentistry
c. Law
d. Ministry
Kohlberg - ANSWERS-Believes in BOTH LEVEL & STAGES. Believes 'thought guides
behavior' and in "level' of reasoning.
Piaget and Kohlberg both believe - ANSWERS-in male oriented Universal Justice,
and that moral development is sequential & dependent on an individual's level of
cognitive development
State the goal of an ethical decision-making model. - ANSWERS-To provide a
framework for making the best decision in a particular situation. (Reflect, analyze
and problem solve.
,List and explain the 4 Categories of Moral Problems by Campbell & Rogers. -
ANSWERS-a. Moral Weakness: Moral responsibilities conflict with personal
inclinations. Moral responsibilities point in one direction and personal inclinations
in another.
b. Moral Uncertainty: Question as to whether a moral obligation exists.
c. Moral Dilemma: Obligations and responsibilities are in conflict
d. Moral Distress: Frustration from perceived powerlessness when what is
happening appears to be wrong and you are unable to act ethically
Define 'ethical awareness'. - ANSWERS-a. AKA: Moral sensitivity. How a hygienist
responds to ethical issues that arise depends on how aware or sensitive he/she is
to the subject.
b. Someone who frequently reviews ethical guidelines and keeps up with any
updates is morally sensitive.
How is ethical decision making best learned? - ANSWERS-Throughout a lifetime
Define and give an example of 'Prima Facie Duties'. - ANSWERS-a. "at first glance'.
Duties that must be done before any other consideration enters the picture.
b. Example: A RDH who suspects child abuse should place the welfare of the child
over the autonomy of the parent. The child is the stronger duty.
List the 6 steps of the Ethical Decision-Making Model. - ANSWERS-a. Identify the
Ethical Dilemma or Problem-Most critical. If ethical question does not place
principles in conflict, it is simply a matter of right or wrong.
b. Collect Information - Factual information about situation as it developed may
come for more than 1 source. Information regarding the values of the parties
involved, including the HCP is needed.
c. State the Options-Brainstorming to identify as many alternatives or options as
possible. May be more than one answer. Keep open minded & consider other's
alternative answers.
d. Apply the Ethical Principles to the Options-Focus on principles: autonomy,
beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. Focus on ethical values: paternalism,
confidentiality, and informed consent. Make list of Pros and Cons. Pros: State how
each option holds or inviolate each principle or value. Cons: How does each
option violate principles or values.
e. Make the Decision- From list of pros and cons. Replay each decision against the
principle to see if the decision holds up to this evaluation. Remember, a
hygienist's obligation is to put the patient's interest first.
f. Implement the Decision.- Act on the decision that has been made.
Know if reporting suspected child abuse to authorities is illegal and/or a violation
of confidentiality. - ANSWERS-It is a violation of confidentiality, but it is also a
legal mandate for health professionals to override that violation to firstly protect
(prima facie) an abused child.
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