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PSYCHOLOGY (CH 1, 5, 6) EXAM GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
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PSYCHOLOGY (CH 1, 5, 6) EXAM GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
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PSYCHOLOGY (CH 1, 5, 6) EXAM GUIDEQUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
Psychology - Answer-the science of behavior and mental processes
Goals of Psychology - Answer-describe, explain, predict and control the behavior and
mental processes of others
Aristotle - Answer-A Greek Philosopher, example of impact of physiology on emergence
of psychology -
scientific discoveries demonstrated the scientific method could be applied to behavior
and mental processes
Descartes - Answer-interactive dualism: mind and body are separate entities that
interact to produce sensations, emotions, and other conscious experiences
Psychology's Origins - Answer-Aristotle, Rene Descartes, Nature v Nuture Issue
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) - Answer-german physiologist who founded psychology as
a formal science; opened first psychology research laboratory in 1879; used
experimental methods to study mental processes
Edward B. Titchener (1867-1927) - Answer-British-born American psychologist who
founded structuralism, the first school of thought in psychology; student of Wundt
Structuralism - Answer-an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore
the elemental structure of the human mind (sensations and feelings)
William James (1842-1910) - Answer-Main proponent of American psychology;
Published THE PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOLOGY, the science's first textbook
Established the Theory of Functionalism: How mental processes function in our lives;
Opposed Wundt and Titchener
Functionalism (William James) - Answer-A school of psychology that focused on how
our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive,
and flourish. (influenced by Darwin)
G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924) - Answer-American psychologist who established the first
psychology research laboratory in the U.S.; founded the American Psychological
Association; received first PhD in psychology - studied under William James
Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930) - Answer-Student of William James
,Became president of the American Psychological Association 1905; taught at Wellesley
Completed her doctoral studies but Harvard refused to award her a Ph.D. because, at
the time, they did not grant doctoral degrees to women
Margaret Floy Washburn (1871-1939) - Answer-First woman to earn a PhD in
psychology (1894)
Known for her experimental work involving animal behavior and sensation/perception
processes
-Wrote The Animal Mind
Francis C. Sumner (1895-1954) - Answer-American psychologist.
First African-American to receive Ph.D.
Clark University (1920)
Chaired psychology dept at Howard University
Kenneth Bancroft Clark (1914-2005) - Answer-First African American president of
American Psychological Association whose research on the effects of racial
discrimination was instrumental in ending segregation in U.S. schools.
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) - Answer-founder of psychoanalysis, a controversial school
of thought about the workings of the unconscious mind
Psychoanalysis - Answer-Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and
actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating
psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
Emphasizes sexual and aggressive nature of unconscious processes
Behaviorism - Answer-the school of psychology, founded by John Watson, that defines
psychology as the scientific study of observable behavior
Strict focus on overt behavior that could be objectively measured and verified
Dominated American psychology for 50 years
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) - Answer-Russian physiologist; Performed pioneering
conditioning experiments on dogs. These experiments led to the development of the
classical conditioning model of learning.
classical conditioning - Answer-a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more
stimuli and anticipate events
-repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus until the
neutral stimulus elicits the same response
, AKA pavlovian conditioning
Pavlov's experiment - Answer--unconditioned stimulus (meat) caused unconditioned
response (salivation) in dogs
-Pavlov repeatedly rang a bell (neutral stimulus) before placing meat in the dogs' mouth
- initially, the dogs didn't react much when they only heard the bell w/o receiving meat
-After repeating procedure several times, dogs began to salivate when they heard the
bell (even if he did not deliver meat)
-turned the bell (neutral) into a conditioned stimulus
John Watson (1878-1958) - Answer-Posited that the goal of the behaviorists was to
discover the fundamental principles of learning—how behavior is acquired and modified
in response to environmental influences
Championed behaviorism as new school of psychology
Case of Little Albert
Pioneer in application of classical conditioning principles to advertising
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) - Answer-Believed psychology should restrict itself to studying
outwardly observable behaviors
- Expanded the basic ideas of behaviorism to include the idea of reinforcement and
punishment -- environmental stimuli that either encourage or discourage certain
responses
- Helped establish and popularize the operant conditioning model of learning
- Skinner's intellectual influence lasted for decades
- often used rats and pigeons
Carl Rogers (1902-1987) - Answer-Main founder of humanistic psychology
Emphasized a person's conscious experiences, unique potential for psychological
growth and self-direction, self-determination, free will, and importance of choice in
human behavior
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) - Answer-Humanistic psychologist who proposed the
hierarchy of needs, with self-actualization as one of the ultimate psychological needs.
Emphasized the importance of psychological growth in his theory of motivation
Maslow's Theory of Motivation - Answer-sought to explain why people are driven by
particular needs at particular times
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