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AN 3203 MOD 9 REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
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AN 3203 MOD 9 REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONSAND VERIFIED ANSWERS
Placebo
"a usually pharmacologically inert preparation prescribed more for the mental
relief of the patient than for its actual effect on a disorder"
"an inert or innocuous substance used especially in controlled experiments
testing the efficacy of another substance"
placebo effect
improvement in the condition of a patient that occurs in response to treatment
but cannot be considered due to the specific treatment used
what does a placebo work on?
- pain
- swelling
- depression
why does placebo work?
- belief
factors that affect belief:
- previous experience
- an authoritative figure
E
Gracely et al 1985:
From the study just discussed, what can be concluded?
A. Clinicians and patients believe painkillers reduce pain during tooth
extraction
B. The response to placebo is dependent on the expectations of the clinician
C. The response to placebo is dependent on the expectations of the patient
D. The expectations of the patient can be transferred from the expectations of
the clinician
E. All of the above are correct
Buske-Kirschbaum et al 1992 study recap
- conditioned increase of natural pain killer activity in humans
Treatment groups:
,- epinephrine injections
- saline injections
- control
Conclusion
- placebo can modify the immune response through conditioning pool
True
True or False
If a patient is conditioned to believe that a treatment will make their pain worse,
they will have less pain tolerance when they are presented with a painful
stimulus
B
3 arms to evidence based practice. Which one of them is illustrated in the
example of massage vs acupuncture?
A. Best practice
B. Patient preference
C. Clinical expertise
Center edge (CE) angle of acetabulum
- line connecting the lateral rim of the acetabulum and the centre of the femoral
head forms an angle with the vertical
- assesses inferior orientation of the acetabulum
- angle of Wiberg
- normal position of the acetabulum is lateral with inferior and anterior rotation
purpose
- angle decreases risk of superior dislocation
- increases with age, therefore less stable in kids
Normal Center-edge angle of acetabulum
22-42˚
B
"A decrease in the Centre Edge angle of the acetabulum increases the risk of..."
A. Anterior dislocation
B. Superior dislocation
C. Posterior dislocation
D. Inferior dislocation
,acetabular anteversion
- magnitude of acetabular anterior orientation
- 18.5˚ in men
- 21.5˚ in women
Pathological increases:
- decreased joint stability
- increased chance of anterior dislocation
Labrum
- needed for stability of the hip joint
- wedge-shaped fibrocartilage
- deepens the socket
- transverse acetabular ligament fills the gap at the bottom of the horseshoe
- no cartilage cells present
angle of inclination
- frontal plane angle
- starts at 150˚
- 125˚ in adults
- 120˚ in elderly
pathological increase = coxa valga
pathological decrease = coxa vara
coxa valga
Leads to:
- genu varum (bowing of knees)
- excessive internal rotation at the ankle (pronation)
- more stress on the superio/medial femoral head
- more compressive stress on the medial knee
- decreased tension of the femur
Glute med has a shorter moment arm to work with
- greater force required for unilateral stance
- greater compression of the hip
decreased congruency of the joint = predisposed to dislocation
, coxa vara
Leads to:
- genu valgum at the knee
- excessive ankle eversion (supination)
- more stress on the superior/lateral femoral head
- greater shear forces through the neck of the femur
- more tensile stresses on the medial aspect of the knee
- improvement in congruence
- increased bending moment of femoral neck = increased risk of fracture
angle of torsion
- in the transverse plane between the axis of the femoral neck and the axis of the
femoral condyles
- 40˚ in newborns
- 1.5˚ decrease every year until skeletal maturity
- 8-30˚ in adults (15˚ average)
develops embryonically
- explains why flexion/extension of the knee and ankle are reversed
pathological increase = anteversion
pathological decrease = retroversion
anterversion
- pathological increased angle of torsion
- femoral head will find optimal position of congruence
- causes internal tibial rotation
- alters flexion/extension of the knee
- toe in gait
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