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BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY EXAMQUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
What is adaptation? - answer-a beneficial adjustment to a particular environment and/or
stressor, either by an individual or evolutionarily by a population; serves to keep
organisms in a state of homeostasis
What are the types of adaptation? (2) - answer-cultural/behavioral and biological
What are the types of biological adaptations? (2) - answer-genetic/natural selection and
functional/acquired
What are the types of functional adaptations? - answer-temporary (physiological) and
permanent (developmental)
What is cultural/behavioral adaptation? - answer-acquired adaptation on a
population/individual basis
Name an example of cultural/behavioral adaptations - answer-using a/c, taking a
noontime nap
What is biological (genetic) adaptation? - answer-inherited adaptation on a population
basis, often due to different selective pressures (natural selection, genetic drift and gene
flow)
Name an example of biological (genetic) adaptations - answer-base skin color
What is functional (ontogenetic) adaptation? - answer-acquired, permanent adaptation
on an individual basis, occurs during development, in a particular environment, does not
affect genes and is not passed down to next generations
Name an example of functional (ontogenetic) adaptations - answer-larger chest size for
individuals who live in a high altitude environment
What is functional (physiological) adaptation? - answer-acquired, temporary adaptations
on an individual basis, happens when exposed to a new stressor, does not effect genes
and is not passed down to next generations
Name an example of functional (physiological) adaptations - answer-increased red
blood cell production in high altitudes, sweating in response to heat, tanning in response
to uv radiation
The difference between biological and genetic? - answer-genetic usually has an
environmental component (heritability)
, What are the explanations for the relationship between solar radiation and human skin
color? - answer-skin damage, vitamin d deficiency, folate destruction
People who are hiv resistant have what mutation? - answer-ccr5delta32
What is the connection between ccr5delta32 and the bubonic plague and smallpox? -
answer-people who allegedly survived the bubonic plague typically had the gene
mutation (ccr5delta32) and were also hiv resistant
What is tay-sachs - answer-a disease associated with askenazi jews, some died and
some survived; those who survived typically had the ccr5delta32 mutation
Why is sickle cell anemia beneficial? - answer-people with sickle-cell anemia are less
likely to succumb to malaria
What are the blood types in the abo blood group? - answer-aa, ab, bb, ao, bo, oo
What is rhesus blood group? - answer-
What is lactose intolerance? - answer-when your body doesn't produce enough lactase
to break down the sugars found in milk
What is lactase deficiency? - answer-when your body doesn't produce enough lactase,
the enzyme/protein used to break down lactose
What is lactose tolerance? - answer-when your body produces lactase to break down
lactose
What is lactase persistence? - answer-lactase is continually produced throughout your
life
What are adaptations to cold stress (hypothermia)? - answer-generate body heat
(shivering), vasoconstriction alternating with vasodilation (reduces blood flow near
surface, then sends blood to the surface), higher bmr (basal metabolic rates)
What are adaptations to heat stress? - answer-clothing, shelter, a/c, sweating,
vasodilation
What are the rules of genetic adaptation to temperature stress? - answer-bergmann's
rule and allen’s rule
What does bergmann's rule say? - answer-body size for heat needs to be smaller, body
size for cold needs to be larger, relation of mass or volume to surface area
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