INTRO TO BIOLOGICAL
ANTHROPOLOGY FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2024/2025
Husband-wife team who conducted some of the earliest excavations in Olduvai Gorge -
Answer-Mary and Louis Leakey
7 skeletal changes for bipedality - Answer-1. forman magnum at the bottom of the skull
2. S shaped spine
3. Shorter, broader pelvis
4. Length of the legs
5. Valgus angled knee
6. Longitudinal foot arch
7. opposable big toe
Human tooth enamel - Answer-thick
ape tooth enamel - Answer-thin
Charles darwin's hunting hypothesis - Answer-humans ate mostly meat which they
acquired by killing animals with weapons. Bipedalism freed the hands for carrying
weapons.
Peter Rodman and Henry McHenry's patchy forest hypothesis - Answer-bipedalism
arose in areas where the forest was becoming fragmented.
Owen Lovejoy's provisioning hypothesis - Answer-if infants and mothers were provided
with more food, they would not have to move around as much for resources.
The earliest hominids were known from one genus - Answer-Australopithecus
Sahelanthropus Tchadensis - Answer-7-6 mya, the earliest pre-australopithecine
species found in central Africa with possible evidence of bipedalism
Orrin tugenensis - Answer-6 mya, a pre-australopithecine species found in East Africa
that displays some of the earliest evidence of bipedalism
Ardipithecus kadabba - Answer-early pre-australopithecine species from the late
Miocene that shows evidence of a perihoning complex
Adripithecus ramidus - Answer-later pre-australopithecine species that shows evidence
of both bipedalism and arboreal activity
Big toe - Answer-hallux
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