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INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE ANSWERS
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INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE ANSWERS
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INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGICALANTHROPOLOGY: EXAM 2 QUESTIONS
WITH COMPLETE ANSWERS
Linneus' Hierarchical Classification (nested hierarchy) - Answer-Kingdom, Phylum,
Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
classification - Answer-grouping into nested hierarchies
started by Linneus
systematics and taxonomy
Biological Species concept - Answer-a group of organisms that interbreed in nature and
are reproductively isolated (gene flow)
Ecological species concept - Answer-even in the presence of gene flow, natural
selection can maintain differences between species
Adaptive Radiation - Answer-when a single species diversifies into a number of species
in order to fill different ecological niches
taxonomy - Answer-Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a
universally accepted name
systematics - Answer-A scientific discipline focused on classifying organisms and
determining their evolutionary relationships. (apes and humans)
binomial nomenclature - Answer-genus and species
phylogeny - Answer-the nested hierarchies of relationships due to descent from
common ancestors
the pattern of relationships
gradistics - Answer-establishes grades (groups of species that share a close biological
relationship and have a degree of overall similarity)
cladistics - Answer-establishes clades (groups of species that share one last common
ancestor)
homology - Answer-traits that are shared from a common ancestor
analogy (homoplasy) - Answer-traits that look similar but evolved independently (similar
selective pressures from environments)
, primitive characteristics - Answer-present in group only because their common ancestor
inherited the feature from a more distant ancestor (upper limbs, thumbs)
derived characters - Answer-characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage
(bipedalism)
Similarities due to convergence are... - Answer-analogous
Similarities due to common decent are... - Answer-homologous
What makes an animal a primate? - Answer-Features of hand and feet:
-Grasping hands
-Opposable big toe (not humans)
-Opposable thumb
-Sensitive finger tips
-Flat nails
homoplasy - Answer-traits that look the same, but evolved independently, and are thus
not inherited from a common ancestor
Primate characteristics - Answer--Highly developed vision
-Eyes move forward in head (binocular vision)
-Depth perception (stereoscopic vision)
Primate reproductive characteristics - Answer--Small litters
-long life span
-long pregnancy
-long juvenile period
-strong mother-infant bond
linnean classification of Homo sapiens - Answer-Kingdom- Animalia
Phylum- Chordata
Class- Mammalia
Order- Primates
Family- Hominoidea
Genus- Homo
Species- sapiens
Strepsirhini (prosimians) - Answer-lemurs, lorises, bushbabies
primitive strepsirrhines traits - Answer--strong olfactory sense (wet nose, longer snouts)
-eyes less forward facing
-smaller brain
-breeding season, litters
-multiple nipples
-dental comb
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