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PSYCHOLOGY PAPER 2 2021 ANSWERS SOLVED CORRECTLY 100% TO SCORE A+ QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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PSYCHOLOGY PAPER 2 2021 ANSWERS SOLVED CORRECTLY 100%TO SCORE A+ QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2024 - 2025
Outline,the,way,in,which,Pavlov,studied,classical,conditioning.,[4,marks],,ANS,-
,,detail,of,Pavlov's,classical,conditioning,experiments,into,salivation,reflex,in,dogs,
•,knowledge,of,Pavlovian,concepts,in,the,context,of,Pavlov's,experiments:,unconditioned,stimulus;,condi
tioned,stimulus;,unconditioned,response;,conditioned,response,
•,detail,of,Pavlovian,theory,-,learning,by,association;,temporal,association/contiguity.
Some,critics,have,said,that,Pavlov's,studies,may,lack,ecological,validity.,
What,is,meant,by,the,term,ecological,validity?,[2,marks],,ANS,-
,,the,extent,to,which,behaviours,observed,and,recorded,in,a,study,reflect,the,behaviours,that,actually,oc
cur,in,the,real,world
Jemima,and,Lily,are,identical,twins.,Lily,complains,to,Jemima,,"I,don't,understand,it.,If,we,have,the,same,
genes,,how,come,you,have,clearer,skin,than,me,and,are,much,better,at,netball?",Jemima,laughs,and,repl
ies,,"Lily,,we,may,be,identical,twins,,but,we,are,not,identical,people.",
your,knowledge,of,genotype,and,phenotype,,explain,Lily's,and,Jemima's,comments.,[4,marks],,ANS,-
,,•,Lily,and,Jemima,have,identical,genotypes,(genotype,refers,to,the,genetic,make-up,of,an,individual)
,•,Lily,and,Jemima,do,not,have,identical,phenotypes,(phenotype,refers,to,the,observable,characteristics,
of,an,individual,as,a,result,of,their,genotype,and,their,environment)
,•,although,Lily,and,Jemima,have,the,same,genes,,Jemima,might,practice,netball,more,or,have,started,les
sons,earlier,than,Lily,,these,environmental,factors,may,make,her,better,at,netball
,•,although,Lily,and,Jemima,have,the,same,genes,,Jemima,might,have,a,different,skin,care,routine/diet/s
un,exposure/etc,than,Lily,,these,environmental,factors,may,make,her,skin,clearer,than,Lily's
Lily,and,Jemima,have,a,pet,rat,,which,usually,hides,in,a,corner,when,they,try,to,take,it,out,box,of,its,cage.
,They,have,tried,different,ways,to,stop,the,rat,hiding,,but,so,far,without,success.
, ,Use,your,knowledge,of,two,types,of,reinforcement,to,suggest,how,Lily,and,Jemima,could,train,their,rat,t
o,come,to,the,cage,door,when,they,open,it.,[6,marks],,ANS,-,,positive,reinforcement,-
,when,Lily/Jemima,open,the,cage,door,they,can,give,the,rat,treats,like,chocolate,drops,for,coming,to,the,
cage,door,when,they,open,it.,This,will,make,the,rat,more,likely,to,come,to,the,door,the,next,time,they,op
en,the,cage,
•,negative,reinforcement,-
,have,something,unpleasant,like,spraying,the,rat,with,water,or,playing,loud,music/alarm,and,then,stop,th
is,when,the,rat,comes,to,the,door,so,that,over,time,when,they,open,the,cage,the,rat,will,be,more,likely,t
o,come,to,the,door,
•,schedules,of,reinforcement,-,applied,to,training,Lily,and,Jemima's,rat.
Compare,the,humanistic,approach,with,the,psychodynamic,approach.,[8,marks],,ANS,-,,•,determinism,-
,the,humanistic,approach,assumes,people,have,free,choice,over,their,behaviour,,whereas,the,psychodyn
amic,approach,assumes,that,behaviour,is,determined,by,unconscious,factors,(beyond,conscious,control)
,•,nature/nurture,-,the,humanistic,approach,assumes,behaviour,is,affected,by,desire,to,self-
actualise,(nature),and,our,experience,can,provide,barriers,to,this,through,conditions,of,worth,and,varyin
g,experience,of,conditional,positive,regard,(nurture).,Likewise,,the,psychodynamic,approach,assumes,be
haviour,is,driven,by,unconscious,forces,,eg,id/ego/superego,dynamics,(nature),but,our,coping,mechanis
ms,such,as,defence,mechanisms,arise,from,experience,(nurture)
,•,methodology,-
,both,are,much,less,scientific,than,other,approaches,(but,the,psychodynamic,approach,assumes,that,som
e,aspects,of,behaviour,can,be,investigated,scientifically)
,•,therapy,-
,Rogers,believed,that,counselling,(utilising,unconditional,positive,regard),can,be,used,to,help,clients,solve
,their,problems,,overcome,conditions,of,worth,and,enable,their,potential,for,self-
actualisation,,whereas,Freud,believed,that,psychoanalysis,can,lead,to,improvements,in,clients,through,p
sychotherapy.
Describe,the,structure,and,function,of,a,neuron.,[6,marks],,ANS,-
,,•,Neurons,enable,communication,within,the,nervous,system
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