PSYC 140 - Module 1 to 3 ALL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% VERIFIED AND CORRECT 2024!!
Module 11.1 What is lifespan development?● Studies changes (physical, social, cognitive, and emotional) from conception to death byinvestigating major periods of development○ Prenatal dev.○ Infancy and todd...
PSYC 140
Module 1
1.1 What is lifespan development?
● Studies changes (physical, social, cognitive, and emotional) from conception to death by
investigating major periods of development
○ Prenatal dev.
○ Infancy and toddlerhood
○ Early childhood
○ Middle childhood
○ Adolescence
○ Early adulthood
○ Middle adulthood
○ Late adulthood
● Lifelong
○ Major changes occur throughout adolescence and adulthood
● Multidirectional
○ Aging: process of becoming old
○ Maturation: can be physical, emotional, or cognitive
● Multidisciplinary
○ Lifespan development encompasses several academic specialties:
healthcare,educational, social science. Various displines study lifespan
development because each of them are influenced and intertwined with another.
● Multidimensional: biological, social, emotional, and cognitive; moral development
1.2 Theoretical perspective
● Nature vs Nurture
○ Nearly every tissue and topic in human development has nature and nurture
component
■ Nature: genetic, biological
■ Nurture: learned, influenced by others
● Continuity vs discontinuity
○ Continuity: gradual, transitions blend together, behaviorist (do not look at theory)
○ Discontinuous: discrete beginning and ending, clear stage progression
● Psychodynamic (freud)
○ ID: unconscious, emerges at birth; unconscious impulses that demand immediate
fulfillment
○ Ego: conscious, emerges at infancy; develop as children learn that not all desires
can be fulfilled
○ Supereo: functions like a conscience. Emerge in early childhood; internalization
of social norms and standard; moral
■ “Our personalities develop based on interactions and conflict between
these aspects”
○ Thinking more clinically on Freud’s theory
○ 5 stages of psychosexual development
■ Oral Stages (birth to 18 month)
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● Derive pleasure through mouths; whether new things are food
● Primarily function in response to id impulse (nursing)
● Too much leads to dependency on other and general neediness
as they seek to recreate the initial comfort
■ Anal stages (18 months to 3 years)
● Shifts to toilet training
● Pleasure derived from controlling their bodies
● Anal retentive personality → high need for orderliness and
cleanliness in environment
■ Phallic stage (3 to 5 years)
● Begin to explore their bodies and differences in anatomy (focus on
boy’s anatomy)
○ Oedipal conflict: series of steps where boys turn their
affections toward their mothers and desire them sexually
○ Castration anxiety: fear that they will be emasculated by
their father
○ Begin to identify with their father to adopt an appropriate
male role
○ Electra conflict (for girls): move from attachment to mother
to father.
■ No oedipal conflict leads to less moral compass
● Help repress sexual desires
■ Latency Stage (5 years to puberty)
● No new psychological challenges or conflicts emerge
● Focus on developing same-sex friendships throughout elementary
school and developing interests throughout those school years
■ Genital Stage (Puberty to adulthood)
● Mutual genital pleasure is the focus; healthy relationships with
others and with productive work
● Psychosocial (Erik Erikson) - order is predetermined
○ Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1year)
■ Virtue: hope
■ Trust/mistrust that a basic need will be met
○ Autonomy vs Shame/doubt (1-3year)
■ Virtue: Will
■ Develop a sense of independence in many tasks
○ Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years) Play Age
■ Virtue: purpose
■ Take initiative on some activities - may develop guilt when unsuccessful
or boundaries overstepped
○ Industry vs Inferiority (7-11 years) school age
■ Virtue: competence
■ Develop self-confidence when competent or sense of inferiority when not
○ Identity vs. Role confusion (12-18 years) adolescence
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