Bio 252 Exam 4
Bio 252 Exam 4 Study Guide Questions and
Answers with Complete Verified Solutions Graded A
2024-2025
what organs compose the urinary system -Correct Answer ✔2 kidneys, 2 ureters, the
urinary bladder and urethra
what are some functions of the kidneys -Correct Answer ✔- filter blood plasma and
excrete metabolic toxic waste
- regulate blood volume, pressure, and osmolarity by regulating water output
-regulate electrolyte and acid-base balance of body-fluids
-secretes the hormone erythropoietin, which stimulates the production of red blood cells
and thus supports the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
-help to regulate calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism by participating in calcitriol
synthesis
-they clear hormones and drugs from blood
-the detoxify free radicals
-they help to support the blood glucose levels under extreme conditions
waste -Correct Answer ✔any substance that is useless to body or present in excess of
the body's needs
metabolic waste -Correct Answer ✔a waste substance produced by the body
what are the four types of nitrogenous wastes -Correct Answer ✔urea, ammonia, uric
acid, and creatinine
blood urea nitrogen (BUN) -Correct Answer ✔the level of nitrogenous waste in the blood
an elevated BUN is called ______ -Correct Answer ✔azotemia
Azotemia can progress to ____, which is a syndrome of nitrogenous waste toxicity -
Correct Answer ✔uremia
excretion -Correct Answer ✔a process of separating wastes from the body fluids and
eliminating them from the body.
what four organ systems carry out excretion -Correct Answer ✔respiratory,
integumentary, digestive, and urinary
___ system excretes CO2, small amounts of gases, and water -Correct Answer
✔respiratory
Bio 252 Exam 4
,Bio 252 Exam 4
____ system excretes water, inorganic salts, lactic acid, and urea in sweat -Correct
Answer ✔integumentary
____ system eliminates food residue and excretes water, salts, CO2, lipids, and bile
pigments -Correct Answer ✔digestive
____ system excretes metabolic wastes, drugs, toxins, hormones, salts, hydrogen ions,
and water -Correct Answer ✔urinary
the surface of the kidnety has a concave slit called _____ which admits the renal
nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, and ureter -Correct Answer ✔hilum
what are the three protective layers of kidney -Correct Answer ✔renal fascia, perirenal
fat capsule, fibrous capsule
A fibrous ____ binds the kidney and associated organs to the abdominal wall. -Correct
Answer ✔renal fascia
____ is a layer of adipose tissue that cushions the kidney and holds it in place -Correct
Answer ✔perirenal fat capsule
the ____ encloses the kidney ans protects the kidney from trauma and infection. -
Correct Answer ✔fibrous capsule
renal parenchyma -Correct Answer ✔glandular tissue that forms the urine
what are the two zones of the parenchyma -Correct Answer ✔renal cortex and renal
medulla
extensions of the renal cortex are called ___ -Correct Answer ✔renal columns
the columns divide the kidney into _____ -Correct Answer ✔renal pyramids
the blunt point of the renal pyramid is called ___ -Correct Answer ✔renal papilla
the papilla of each renal pyramid is nestled in a cup called a ____ which collects urine -
Correct Answer ✔minor calyx
two or three minor calyces converge to form ____ -Correct Answer ✔major calyx
two or three major calyces converge in the sinus to form ____ -Correct Answer ✔renal
pelvis
Bio 252 Exam 4
,Bio 252 Exam 4
renal fraction -Correct Answer ✔the kidneys receive about 21% of the cardiac output
(more for waste removal than for metabolic needs)
the renal artery divides into ____ arteries which divide into ____ arteries -Correct
Answer ✔segmental; interlobar
the interlobar arteries branch to form ____ arteries which then branches into ___
arteries -Correct Answer ✔arcuate; cortical radiate
the cortical radiate arteries give rise to _____ -Correct Answer ✔afferent arterioles
each afferent arteriole supplies one functional unit of the kidney called a ___ -Correct
Answer ✔nephron
the afferent arterioles leads to a ball of capillaries called _____. -Correct Answer
✔glomerulus
blood leaves the glomerulus by way of an ___- -Correct Answer ✔efferent arteriole
the efferent arteriole leads to a plexus of _____ . It forms a network around a part of the
nephron called the renal tubule. -Correct Answer ✔peritubular capillaries
what is the function of the renal tubule -Correct Answer ✔it reabsorbs most of the water
and solutes that filtered out the blood at the glomerulus and returns these to the
bloodstream by way of the peritubular capillaries
what is another route the efferent arterioles can take -Correct Answer ✔can lead to the
vasa recta
what are two principal parts of a nephron -Correct Answer ✔renal corpuscle and renal
tubule
______ filters the blood plasma and ______ converts the filtrate to urine -Correct
Answer ✔renal corpuscle and renal tubule
the renal corpuscle consists of ____ and a two layered glomerular capsule that
encloses it -Correct Answer ✔glomerulus
what type of cell makes up the inner layer of the glomerular capsule -Correct Answer
✔podocytes
the two layers of the glomerular capsule are separated by a filtrate- collecting space
called ____ -Correct Answer ✔capsular space
Bio 252 Exam 4
, Bio 252 Exam 4
at the ___ pole, the afferent arteriole enters the capsule, bringing blood to the
glomerulus, and efferent arteriole leaves the capsule and carries blood away -Correct
Answer ✔vascular pole
At the __ pole the outer wall of the glomerular capsule turns away from the corpuscle
and gives rise to the renal tubule -Correct Answer ✔urinary
the ___ is a duct that leads away from the glomerular capsule and ends at the tip of a
medullary pyramid -Correct Answer ✔renal tubule
what are the four regions of the renal tubule -Correct Answer ✔proximal convoluted
tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
true or false: proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, and distal convoluted tubule are
parts of one nephron and the collecting duct receives fluid from many nephrons -Correct
Answer ✔true
the ___ arises from the glomerular capsule. it has a simple cuboidal epithelium with
microvilli , which is used for absorption. It is found in the cortex of the kidney -Correct
Answer ✔proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
the ___ is a long U-shaped portion of the renal tubule found mostly in the medulla of
kidney. -Correct Answer ✔nephron loop
what are two types of limbs in the nephron loop -Correct Answer ✔descending and
ascending limb
the ____ limb returns back to the cortex of the kidney -Correct Answer ✔ascending
what are the two different types of segments in the nephron loop -Correct Answer
✔thick and thin segments
___ segments are heavily engaged in active transport of salts resulting in a high
metabolic activity -Correct Answer ✔thick
the ____ segment has a low metabolic activity and is very permeable to water. -Correct
Answer ✔thin
the ____ begins shortly after the ascending limb enters the cortex. it has a cuboidal
epithelium and marks the end of the nephron -Correct Answer ✔distal convoluted tubule
(DCT)
the ___ receives fluid from the DCTs of several nephrons as it passes back into the
medulla. -Correct Answer ✔collecting ducts
Bio 252 Exam 4
