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bio 436 exam 1 concept exam questions with correct answers
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bio 436 exam 1 concept exam questions with correct answers
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bio 436 exam 1 concept exam questionswith correct answers
What is physiology? What is pathophysiology? - Answer-Physiology is the study of how
the body works. Pathophysiology is how physiological processes are altered in disease
or injury
Know the fluid compartments of the body - Answer-Body has intracellular and
extracellular components. Intra=inside the cell, Extra=outside. Separated by cell's outer
membrane. Extracellular is composed of blood plasma and interstitial fluid.
Understand homeostasis. Why is homeostasis important? How do we achieve
homeostasis? - Answer-maintenance of fairly constant internal conditions, around
physiological set points and maintained by negative feedback loops
Understand the importance of notebooks and accurate records. Understand the
usefulness and "pitfalls" of computer models. Appreciate that to gain useful information
from data often requires use of computers to handle the massive amounts of data that
can be obtained and that by viewing/graphing data in different ways is an important
aspect of gaining information. Know how to present and interpret data in the standard
format. - Answer-notebooks can include written accurate records and legal documents
make sure notes are written in pen or typed out. IF YOU CAN'T REPRODUCE A
GREAT DISCOVERY, and DOCUMENT WHEN YOU FIRST DISCOVERED IT -
SOMEONE ELSE MIGHT GET CREDIT FOR IT. Irreplaceable tools in science and
medicine for handling and analyzing the amount of data that is generated • Used to
model systems from simple reactions to complex physiological events. In science and
medicine we try to represent the natural system by creating a "model". Models can
consist of words, diagrams, physical objects, and/or mathematical equations. Examples
of physical models would include, the Bohr model of the atom, or the Watson- Crick
model of the DNA double helix. Mathematical models (simulations) can be simple (with
one variable - one equation) or very complex (with many variables - multiple equations).
Mathematical models can be derived either analytically (based on the theoretically
knowledge of the system) or empirically. The validity of the model rests in its ability to
predict what is actually observed in nature.
Graphing, understand the basics of graphing, with should be included in all basic
graphs. When to use the different types of graphs; bar, histogram, line, scatter plots. -
Answer-Graphing Data helps us to understand what is occurring and allows us to
manage and analyze large quantities of data at one time. Graphing Data in different
ways can sometimes allow us to visualize different types of events. always included in
graphs is the title, key, dependent(y) and independent variables(X), Legend (if needed)
- Describes the data represented in the graph, especially needed if unclear. Conclusion
- Gives a "best guess" as to WHY the data was obtained. Time Course or Concentration
Curve Often used to extrapolate data that occurs between different data points and/or
, rates of change. Scatter plot graph- Used to analyze trends; is not used to predict or
extrapolate a particular point in between the data presented- Flat line - no trend or
correlation Upward line (as shown) - direct relationship or positive correlation Downward
line - indirect relationship or negative correlation
What can be determined by a pulse? - Answer-heart rate, rhythm, force of contraction
What do terms systolic and diastolic refer to? What produces the sounds heard in the
stethoscopes when taking blood pressure? Understand the events of taking blood
pressure. Why is there pressure at diastole? - Answer-systolic is a ventricular
contraction, diastolic is relaxation of the ventricles. What produces sound is the resulting
turbulence of blood flowing through vessels sounds in phases of heart beats, Pressure
at which a sound is first heard result of ventricular contraction and the systolic pressure
first sound is Korotkoff sound, sounds become louder then faint when listening through
a stethoscope(listening of blood flow) and as artery is finally wide open and blood flow is
again smooth the sound disappear(laminar flow) and is diastolic pressure the last sound
is called the last Korotkoff sound. Diastolic pressure occurs near the beginning of the
cardiac cycle. It is the minimum pressure in the arteries when the pumping chambers of
the heart — ventricles — fill with blood. Near the end of the cardiac cycle, systolic
pressure, or peak pressure, occurs when the ventricles contract.
*there is pressure at diastole because the cardiovascular system is a closed system,
thus; there is always blood in the vasculature, which pushes out on the walls resulting in
diastolic pressure*
What is a cell membrane? What does a membrane allow a cell to do? - Answer-A cell
membrane is made up by a phospholipid bilayer, which serves to control what
substances go in and out. phospholipid bilayer is made up of phosphate polar head with
2 fatty acids simultaneously thrown in ECF lipids go inward of cell, cholesterol is
attached to membrane allowing membrane to be more flexible
How do molecules pass through membranes? Does it matter if they are hydrophillic or
hydrophobic? Classification of lipids - hydrophillic or hydrophobic or both? What kind of
molecule makes up a membrane? Describe a membrane structurally. Are membranes
absolute barriers? Barriers to what? What holds a membrane together? - Answer-small
molecules gases and uncharged molecules can use simple diffusion to cross membrane
allowing molecules pass through cell proteins either carriers, transporters, or channel
proteins using facilitated diffusion and active transport using ATP to move molecules
across membrane. they are not absolute barriers because the membrane is selectively
permeable to molecules. lipids are hydrophobic.
List types of ways molecules move across a membrane. What is diffusion? What affects
the rate of diffusion? What is Fick's law? Practically speaking, what molecules are
permeable to a membrane and which aren't, why? - Answer-Simple diffusion, facilitated
diffusion (carrier transport), active transport. Diffusion- the net movement of particles
because of a transport gradient. Rate of diffusion is affected by temperature, size of
molecule, (steepness of) concentration gradient, distance, density of medium, and
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