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Exam (elaborations)

NSB236 Questions and Correct Answers the Latest Update

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What are the signs of the hypovolemic shock ? Decrease BP, increase HR, Cool/clammy skin, pale What is the sympathetic nervous system's fight or flight response ? Dilation of pupils, increased respiratory rate and heart rate. What is the net effect of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system ...

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  • November 7, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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  • NSB236
  • NSB236
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NSB236 Questions and Correct
Answers the Latest Update
What are the signs of the hypovolemic shock ?


✓ Decrease BP, increase HR, Cool/clammy skin, pale



What is the sympathetic nervous system's fight or flight response ?


✓ Dilation of pupils, increased respiratory rate and heart rate.



What is the net effect of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in

compensatory shock ?


✓ Increase blood pressure through vasoconstriction and increased venous return
through retention of sodium and water.



What are the most important cells in the inflammatory process ?


✓ Endothelial cells



What is the refractory stage of shock ?


✓ Profound hypotension despite the administration of vasoactive drugs.



Between, Aldosterone, Renin, Angiotensin II and Antidiuretic hormone (ADH),

which one is a potent vasoconstrictor ?


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✓ Angiotensin II



Which condition produces a hypovolemic shock state ?


✓ Third spacing



Which condition characterises cardiogenic shock ?


✓ Impaired cardiac contractility and cardiac output



What is the role of ACTH, aldosterone and ADH ?


✓ Conserve the amount of fluid excreted by the kidneys



What is common to all the shocks ?


✓ Inadequate oxygen delivery to meet cellular oxygen demands



Mr T is in hypovolemic shock. Which clinical manifestation would be present ?


✓ Vasoconstriction and decreased cardiac output



What are the crystalloid for ?


✓ Given to supplement Hb concentration, possess oncotic capabilities, restore fluid
volume and increase preload.



What is preload ?

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✓ Amount of load in the ventricle prior to contraction (filling pressure) = how full the
tank is.



What is afterload ?


✓ Pressure that the heart must work to eject blood during systole.



What is cardiac output ?


✓ The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute through the body.



When shock develops, the body attempts to meet the response through which

mechanism ?


✓ Releasing cortisol, noradrenaline and adrenaline



What elicit the inflammatory response ?


✓ Chemical mediators



How the aldosterone increases the blood volume ?


✓ Increase water and sodium retention and decrease potassium retention



What are the different stages of shock ?


✓ Compensatory, initial and progressive




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Cardiac output formula


✓ CO = HR x SV



How does the body maintain the cardiac output ?


✓ SV decrease due to blood loss, then heart rate will increase to compensate.



What is the pulse pressure ?


✓ Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure



What does pulse pressure indicates ?


✓ How well the patient maintain cardiac output



Why a narrowing in pulse pressure occurs ?


✓ To keep an adequate average pressure through the vascular system to support vital
organs



What is the first clinical sign in clinical deterioration ?


✓ Respiratory rate



What is the seagull sign?


✓ Heart rate higher than the systolic blood pressure



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