PC 707 MODULE 2 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
What are some factors that have contributed to antibiotic resistance? - Answers- (1)
increasing populations of immunocompromised patients (2) increase in the number and
complexity of medical procedures (3) increased survival of patients with chronic
diseases (4) overprescribing antibiiotics
What are the leading risk factors for having a drug-resistant pathogen? - Answers- (1)
recent use of antibiotics (2) age younger than 2 and greater than 65 (3) day-care
attendance (4) multiple medical comorbiitides (5) recent hospitalization (6)
immunosuppression
What are some examples of innapropriate usage of antibiotics? - Answers- (1) viral
infections (2) inadequate dosages (3) excessive duration of therapy (4) increased
empirical use of broad spectrum antibiotics when not required (5) excessive duration of
therapy
What are the 4 steps in choosing an antimicrobial drug? - Answers- (1) make clinical
diagnosis (2) obtain cultures or other specimens (3) make microbial diagnosis (4)
choose drug
What is a report generated by each hospital that shows local activity and includes a list
of drug names, organism group, whether it's gram -/+, and the percentage sensitive to a
particular antibiotic? - Answers- Antibiogram
What is the antibiogram useful in preventing? - Answers- Antibiotic resistance
What is important education when a patient is taking sulfonamides? - Answers- (1)
drink 8-10 glasses of water (2) avoid prolonged sun exposure
Is there a bacterial diagnostic for BV? - Answers- no
Why are mycobacterial infection (like TB) among the most difficult to cure? - Answers-
(1) grow slowly and are relatively resistant to drugs that are largely dependent on how
rapidly cells are dividing (2) have a lipid rich cell wall relatively impermeable to many
drugs (3) are usually intracellular and inaccessible to drugs that do not have a good
intracellular penetration (4) have the ability to go into a dormant state (5) easily develop
resistant to any single drug
What is a ring of the chemical structure of certain antibiotics including penicillins,
cephalosporings, and related compounds? - Answers- Beta-lactam
What is the MOA of beta-lactam antibiotics? - Answers- Interfere with structural
crosslinking of peptidoglycans in bacterial cell walls
, What type of agents act against a single or limited group of microorganisms? -
Answers- Narrow spectrum
What type of agents are affective against gram-positive organisms and a significant
number of gram negative organisms? - Answers- Extended spectrum
What are agents that are effective against a wide variety of microbial species? -
Answers- Broad spectrum
What means that the bacteria arrests the growth or inhibit replication but does not kill
each microorganism; bacteriostatic drugs limit the spread of infection but depend upon
the host immune system for eradication of the organism? - Answers- Bacteriostatic
What is a drug that kills the organism? - Answers- Bactericidal
In general infections above the belly button tend to be what? - Answers- Gram +
In general infection below the belly button tend to be what? - Answers- Gram -
What are some questions to consider when selecting antibiotic therapy? - Answers- (1)
infecting organism (2) sensitivity of the organism to antimicrobial agents (3) site of
infection (4) status of host defenses (5) pharmacokinetics (6) status of host renal and
liver function (7) clinical evaluation of agents effectiveness
Kids who go to daycare are more likely to have what? - Answers- Resistant
microorganisms
What are the steps in empiric therapy? - Answers- (1) formulate a clinical diagnosis (2)
obtain specimens for lab diagnosis (3) determine the need for empiric therapy (4)
choose an antibiotic that is broad enough to cover most pathogens (5) safety of agent
and cost of therapy
When would you want to get a test of cure? - Answers- Pregnant woman being treated
for UTI
What is the key trigger for C. Diff? - Answers- Antibiotic administration
What are some signs and symptoms of C. Diff? - Answers- (1) watery diarrhea (2)
bloody diarrhea (3) cramping (4) abdominal pain (5) anorexia (6) malaise
What should you always ask a patient who presents with diarrhea? - Answers- If they
have had antibiotics in the last 3 months or if they have recently been hospitalized
What 4 antibiotics are most likely to cause C. diff? - Answers- (1) imipenem (2)
ceftazidime (3) clindamycin (4) moxifloxacin
What are some factors that have contributed to antibiotic resistance? - Answers- (1)
increasing populations of immunocompromised patients (2) increase in the number and
complexity of medical procedures (3) increased survival of patients with chronic
diseases (4) overprescribing antibiiotics
What are the leading risk factors for having a drug-resistant pathogen? - Answers- (1)
recent use of antibiotics (2) age younger than 2 and greater than 65 (3) day-care
attendance (4) multiple medical comorbiitides (5) recent hospitalization (6)
immunosuppression
What are some examples of innapropriate usage of antibiotics? - Answers- (1) viral
infections (2) inadequate dosages (3) excessive duration of therapy (4) increased
empirical use of broad spectrum antibiotics when not required (5) excessive duration of
therapy
What are the 4 steps in choosing an antimicrobial drug? - Answers- (1) make clinical
diagnosis (2) obtain cultures or other specimens (3) make microbial diagnosis (4)
choose drug
What is a report generated by each hospital that shows local activity and includes a list
of drug names, organism group, whether it's gram -/+, and the percentage sensitive to a
particular antibiotic? - Answers- Antibiogram
What is the antibiogram useful in preventing? - Answers- Antibiotic resistance
What is important education when a patient is taking sulfonamides? - Answers- (1)
drink 8-10 glasses of water (2) avoid prolonged sun exposure
Is there a bacterial diagnostic for BV? - Answers- no
Why are mycobacterial infection (like TB) among the most difficult to cure? - Answers-
(1) grow slowly and are relatively resistant to drugs that are largely dependent on how
rapidly cells are dividing (2) have a lipid rich cell wall relatively impermeable to many
drugs (3) are usually intracellular and inaccessible to drugs that do not have a good
intracellular penetration (4) have the ability to go into a dormant state (5) easily develop
resistant to any single drug
What is a ring of the chemical structure of certain antibiotics including penicillins,
cephalosporings, and related compounds? - Answers- Beta-lactam
What is the MOA of beta-lactam antibiotics? - Answers- Interfere with structural
crosslinking of peptidoglycans in bacterial cell walls
, What type of agents act against a single or limited group of microorganisms? -
Answers- Narrow spectrum
What type of agents are affective against gram-positive organisms and a significant
number of gram negative organisms? - Answers- Extended spectrum
What are agents that are effective against a wide variety of microbial species? -
Answers- Broad spectrum
What means that the bacteria arrests the growth or inhibit replication but does not kill
each microorganism; bacteriostatic drugs limit the spread of infection but depend upon
the host immune system for eradication of the organism? - Answers- Bacteriostatic
What is a drug that kills the organism? - Answers- Bactericidal
In general infections above the belly button tend to be what? - Answers- Gram +
In general infection below the belly button tend to be what? - Answers- Gram -
What are some questions to consider when selecting antibiotic therapy? - Answers- (1)
infecting organism (2) sensitivity of the organism to antimicrobial agents (3) site of
infection (4) status of host defenses (5) pharmacokinetics (6) status of host renal and
liver function (7) clinical evaluation of agents effectiveness
Kids who go to daycare are more likely to have what? - Answers- Resistant
microorganisms
What are the steps in empiric therapy? - Answers- (1) formulate a clinical diagnosis (2)
obtain specimens for lab diagnosis (3) determine the need for empiric therapy (4)
choose an antibiotic that is broad enough to cover most pathogens (5) safety of agent
and cost of therapy
When would you want to get a test of cure? - Answers- Pregnant woman being treated
for UTI
What is the key trigger for C. Diff? - Answers- Antibiotic administration
What are some signs and symptoms of C. Diff? - Answers- (1) watery diarrhea (2)
bloody diarrhea (3) cramping (4) abdominal pain (5) anorexia (6) malaise
What should you always ask a patient who presents with diarrhea? - Answers- If they
have had antibiotics in the last 3 months or if they have recently been hospitalized
What 4 antibiotics are most likely to cause C. diff? - Answers- (1) imipenem (2)
ceftazidime (3) clindamycin (4) moxifloxacin
