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nonionizing radiation
✓ UV light: lethality due to generation of thymine dimers
Microbial Characteristics and Control
✓ -Gram (-) bacteria more resistant than Gram(+) due to LPS layer
✓ -Some Gram(-) bacteria (e.g. Pseudomonas) are very
✓ resistant to antimicrobials due to porins in their cell walls
✓ -Relative resistance of microbes to chemical biocides
Microbial Control in the kitchen
✓ avoid cross-contamination of foods eaten raw with foods requiring cooking
Microbial Control in the hospital
✓ standard precautions , contact precautions, droplet precautions, airborne precautions
✓
✓ (extra precautions necessary in hospital due to increased susceptibility of patients due to
open wounds, immunosuppression, increased exposure to pathogens)
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genes
✓ segments of DNA that encode proteins
DNA
✓ macromolecule composed of repeating units called nucleotides, each consisting of a
nitrogenous base deoxyribose, and a phosphate group; specific base pairing between the
opposing strands of dsDNA causes the strands to be complimentary
genetic alphabet
✓ gene products are determined by nucleotide sequence (A,T,G,C) which comprise the 4-
letter genetic alphabet
genotype
✓ the genetic makeup of an organism
phenotype
✓ the actual properties of an organism
Gene Expression
✓ Transcription and Translation
transcription
✓ synthesis of C' strand of mRNA (a transcript) from a DNA template
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