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a system of signs which one knows what something is. Cultural semiotics
often provide the means by which a group defines itself or by which a
colonializing power attempts to control and assimilate another group.
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1 Chicago School (1950s): 2 Poststructural Criticism
,11/8/24, 7:55 PM 2024 Newest|Literary Criticism|2024-2025 UPDATE|COMPREHENSIVE FREQUENTLY MOST TESTED QUESTIONS AND V…
A group of scholars at Cambridge University who
Cambridge School
rejected historical and biographical analysis of texts
(1920s-1930s):
in favor of close readings of the texts themselves.
A group, formed at the University of Chicago in the
1950s, that drew on Aristotle's distinctions between
the various elements within a narrative to analyze
Chicago School (1950s):
the relation between form and structure. Critics and
Criticisms: Ancient and Modern (1952) is the major
work of the Chicago School.
A philosophical approach to reading, first advanced
by Jacques Derrida that attacks the assumption that
a text has a single, stable meaning. Derrida suggests
that all interpretation of a text simply constitutes
further texts, which means there is no "outside the
Deconstruction (1967- text" at all. Therefore, it is impossible for a text to
present): have stable meaning. The practice of
deconstruction involves identifying the
contradictions within a text's claim to have a single,
stable meaning, and showing that a text can be
taken to mean a variety of things that differ
significantly from what it purports to mean.
An umbrella term for a number of different critical
approaches that seek to distinguish the human
experience from the male experience. Feminist
critics draw attention to the ways in which
patriarchal social structures have marginalized
women and male authors have exploited women in
Feminist criticism (1960s-
their portrayal of them. Although feminist criticism
present):
dates as far back as Mary Wollstonecraft's A
Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) and had
some significant advocates in the early 20th century,
such as Virginia Woolf and Simone de Beauvoir, it
did not gain widespread recognition as a theoretical
and political movement until the 1960s and 1970s.
, 11/8/24, 7:55 PM 2024 Newest|Literary Criticism|2024-2025 UPDATE|COMPREHENSIVE FREQUENTLY MOST TESTED QUESTIONS AND V…
Any form of criticism that draws on psychoanalysis,
the practice of analyzing the role of unconscious
psychological drives and impulses in shaping human
Psychoanalytic criticism
behavior or artistic production. The three main
(1930-present)
schools of psychoanalysis are named for the three
leading figures in developing psychoanalytic theory:
Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, and Jacques Lacan.
The view of art as the imagined fulfillment of wishes
that reality denies. According to Freud, artists
sublimate their desires and translate their imagined
wishes into art. We, as an audience, respond to the
Freudian criticism (c. sublimated wishes that we share with the artist.
1900-present): Working from this view, an artist's biography
becomes a useful tool in interpreting his or her
work. "Freudian criticism" is also used as a term to
describe the analysis of Freudian images within a
work of art.
A school of criticism that draws on Carl Jung's theory
of the collective unconscious, a reservoir of
common thoughts and experiences that all cultures
Jungian criticism (1920s- share. Jung holds that literature is an expression of
present): the main themes of the collective unconscious, and
critics often invoke his work in discussions of literary
archetypes. These archetypes are Shadow, Anima,
Animus, Spirit.
Criticism based on Jacques Lacan's view that the
unconscious, and our perception of ourselves, is
shaped in the "symbolic" order of language rather
Lacanian criticism (c.
than in the "imaginary" order of prelinguistic
1977-present):
thought. Lacan is famous in literary circles for his
influential reading of Edgar Allan Poe's "The
Purloined Letter.
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