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Cognitive Science Exam 1 with correct Answers 100%
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Cognitive Science Exam 1 with correct Answers
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Cognitive Science Exam 1 with correctAnswers
What is Cognitive Science? - Answers -the interdisciplinary (several diff disciplines
working together) study of the mind as an info processor
Fields that contribute to cognitive science - Answers -linguistics, psych, computer
science, artificial intelligence, philosophy, neuroscience, and evolutionary biology
3 Unifying Assumptions - Answers -1. The mind is material (materialism)
----(is the brain)-physical property to thoughts, emotions
2. A complete understanding of the mind is best gained through interdisciplinary
research--each field has their own knowledge base which experts in the field are
familiar with--working together allows access--each field has own research methods--
and q's that arrive that need collaboration to answer
3. View of the mind as an info processor
----input to mind from sensory data (etc) then store input--then process input to produce
output
Ex: vision: light enters eye-to brain-to STM-processed-output: mental image
Cog Sci Q's - Answers -How are we obtaining info from environment?
How are we storing info?
How is lang represented in mind?
How does brain process info?-algorithms
What type of algorithms can the brain form?
etc.
What is an algorithm? - Answers -finite set of rules that are unambiguous and that can
be applied systematically to an obj/set of objs to transform it/ them in definite
circumscribed ways Ex: instructions for programming a DVD player
What is Behaviorism? - Answers --Development credited to John B. Watson, circa 1913
-Quickly came to dominate pyschology until the cognitive revolution (early 1960s)
The Goal of Behaviorism: "[Behaviorism's] theoretical goal is the prediction and control
of behavior.
What are Tenets (beliefs) of Behaviorism? - Answers -Psychology is the study of
behavior.
Behavior can (and should) be studied without reference to the mind.
, All behavior (and learning) is the result of conditioning.
stimuli (inputs) → (black box of behaviorism) → behaviors (outputs)
Steps in Classical Conditioning: 'Pavlov's Dog'??? - Answers -1 Observe an
unconditioned stimulus (e.g., meat powder) which elicits an unconditioned (reflexive)
response (e.g., salivating)
2 Repeatedly pair unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus (e.g., sound of a
tuning fork)
3 Use conditioned stimulus (e.g., tuning fork) to elicit conditioned response (e.g.,
salivating)
What is operant conditioning? - Answers -Use of positive or negative reinforcement to
modify operant behavior Ex: bird pecking the circle in box to receive food
What is Learning in Behaviorism? - Answers -Learning depends on conditioning.
Conditioning depends on association and/or reinforcement
Latent Learning in Rats Tolman & Honzik (1930) - Answers -behaviorists
conducted experiments on how mice learn to navigate mazes
What was Tolman & Honzik (1930) experiment? - Answers -Three groups of rats:
1 receives rewards for each successful navigation
2 never receives reward
3 unrewarded for 10 days, then receives reward
What was Tolman & Honzik (1930) experiment conclusion? - Answers -Results:
Group 1 learns to navigate the maze first (as predicted)
Once it starts receiving a reward, Group 3 learns to navigate the maze much more
quickly than Group 1
Conclusion:
Rats in Group 3 were learning the maze without reinforcement during the first 10 days
Place Learning vs. Response Learning Tolman et al. (1946) - Answers -Follow-up
study: what type of learning is occurring?
Response learning: learning sequence of physical responses (here, left or right turns)
that lead to reward
Place learning: learning spatial layout of maze
Results:
rats perform better when encoding spatial information than learning sequences of
physical responses
Influence of Tolman's research: - Answers -shows that learning can occur without
reinforcement provides early proposal of a mental representation demonstrates the
ability to study mental processes
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