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, A 3-month old calf is presented for necropsy. The calf collapsed and suddenly died this morning after
she escaped and was chased around the back pasture for 45 minutes by her owner.
Among other things, endocardial plaques in the left ventricle of this calf's heart are discovered.
What advice should be given the farmer?
A - Treat the other calves with vitamin E/Selenium
B - Check the mother for bovine leukosis by AGID
C - Take all the calves off ionophore-containing feed
D - Start the other calves on Ceftiofur (Naxcel ®)
E - Search the calf barn for sources of lead A - Treat the other calves with vitamin E/Selenium
Treat the other calves with vitamin E/Selenium. Think White Muscle Disease when you see SUDDEN
DEATH and endocardial PLAQUES in a young calf, lamb or kid with a history of recent VIGOROUS
EXERCISE. Follow this link to a Merck image of pale ventricular myocardium.
Typically seen in young, fast-growing animals (ie: calves 2 weeks-6 mos) Clinical signs may include
dyspnea (due to myocardial disease), stiff gait, arched back, weakness, recumbent but BAR (bright, alert,
responsive).
Sudden death may resemble enterotoxemia, should see acute bloody diarrhea, convulsions,
opisthotonos in first days of life with enterotoxemia.
Which pair of neonatal calf diarrheas both have public health/zoonotic significance?
A - Colibacillosis, Ostertagiasis
B - Colibacillosis, Rotavirus
C - Cryptosporidiosis, Salmonella
D - Salmonella, Coccidiosis
E - Clostridium perfringens, Coronavirus C - Cryptosporidiosis, Salmonella
, Cryptosporidiosis is caused by a protozoa implicated in drinking water-associated outbreaks of diarrhea
in humans; Salmonellae can infect humans from a number of different sources (turtles, chickens, eggs)
E. Coli can cause human disease, but Ostertagia and bovine rotavirus do not. (There IS a human version
of rotavirus, however)
C. perfringens can be found in soil and in the normal gut flora and is not contagious.
Swainsonine is a toxic compound present in which one of the following plants?
A - Persea americana (Avocado)
B - Pteridium aquilinum (Bracken fern)
C - Astragalus flavus (Milk vetch)
D - Prunus virginiana (Chokecherry)
E - Nerium oleander (Oleander) C - Astragalus flavus (Milk vetch)
Swainsonine is found in many species of Astragalus and Oxytropis, called locoweeds, vetches, or milk
vetches.
Ingestion of swainsonine causes neurologic signs of cerebral disease, called "locoism" in livestock.
Behavior changes, aggression, ataxia, depression, circling, and vision loss are some of the clinical signs
seen.
Recovery is possible with removal of the source, but since locoweed is palatable, animals may eat it
again even when other forage is available.
Cattle consuming locoweed at high altitudes can develop congestive heart failure, called "High mountain
disease". Pulmonary hypertension causes excessive strain on the heart muscle.
Nerium oleander (Oleander) contains cardiac gylcosides.
Pteridium aquilinum (Bracken fern) contains glycosides and thiaminase.
Persea americana (Avocado) contains persin.
