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CMGT - 360 DBIA FUNDAMENTALS OF PROJECT EXAM
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CMGT - 360 DBIA FUNDAMENTALS OFPROJECT EXAM
Hammurabi - ANSWER (1795- 1750 BC) established the earliest known body
of laws written to govern its people which included codes for builders
Code of Hammurabi - ANSWER Obligation of design & construction to society
Vitruvius - ANSWER * Roman writer, engineer, architect lived in 1st century
BC (Roman Empire)
++ Designed first hand book and building and construction book of De
Architectura Libri Decem "10 books of architecture" -- manufacturer of
building materials/roads & bridges/heating water/amplification)
* Credited with transitionong the practice of architecture and engineering to a
routine practice
* Established design and construction management as learned professions
Brunelleschi - ANSWER * Quintessential design-builder and innovator (1377
- 1446)
* Italian Artist-Architect-Builder (1420)
* Master Builders who developed the "dome" concept for the Gothic Cathedral
of Florence (the duomo)
* Key figgure in the transition from the Middle Ages to the modern Renaissance
area
Middle Ages - ANSWER Craft training and education
Renaissance - ANSWER Separate design and construction
Leone Battista Alberti - ANSWER * First intentional separation of the art from
the craft (1456)
,* Poet, Philosopher and secretary to the Pope.
* The rise of professionalism: First push to separate design and construction as
distinct functions
The Rise of Professionalism - ANSWER * Established architecture as a
profession distinct from the science of engineering and construction
* From 15th century Renaissance in to 19th century Industrial Revolution,
Architects retained responsibilities for both design and construction
Design and Construction separation began with the Industrial Revolution
Return to Integration - ANSWER * DBIA founded in 1993 to help standardize
and advocate for an already emerging design-build industry
* Integrated Project Delivery (IPD)
* Building Information Modeling (BIM)
* Sustainable Design (Green/LEED)
* High Performance Contracting (LEAN - Toyota Production Model)
Effects of the Industrial Revolution - ANSWER - Division of Labor: Building
professions took on increasingly defined roles of architects, engineer, and
builder
- Entrepreneurship: need fpr architects and engineers to take risk and assure
performance and cost of facilities (construction)
- Need for capital: Responded to need by non-participating owners
(stockholders) becoming an integral part of projects
Professional Societies - ANSWER • Greater professional specialization
• Increase in specialized knowledge
• Promotion & advocacy of professional
, interests & markets
• Ethical standards of practice
• Rise of conflict-of-interest issues
++Middle 19th century there was a clear distinction
had been made between design professionals
and builders
• 1852 American Society of Civil Engineers an
Architects (ASCEA)
• 1857 Architects dropped and American Institute
of Architects (AIA) was formed
++Design professionals wanted to separate
themselves from sometimes corrupt builders
Miller Act (1935) - ANSWER ++Public contracting law mandating separation
of design from construction
* Contractor selection solely on lowest responsible bid
* Existing Federal law requiring any federal project exceeding $100,000 to
require two bonds (performance and a labor and material bond)
* Implemented during World War I and Wold War II to reduce the risk of fraud,
favoritism, undue influence, and reassurance to taxpayers their tax dollars were
being spent properly.
* Worked well for a long time. but new procurement methods are on the rise,
especially the construction industry
Professional licensing requirements - ANSWER * First license laws for
Architect licensing initiated in 1897
* Architects, engineers, and contractors must be registered as licensed or
certificated in most every state
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