Organic Chemistry - Topic Notes (FREE)
This PDF provides a comprehensive overview of essential concepts in organic chemistry, covering topics like structure and bonding, functional groups, reaction mechanisms, stereochemistry, and organic synthesis. The notes delve into key areas such as hydroca...
• Organic chemistry is the study of compounds of carbon.
• A functional group is an atom or group of atoms which is responsible for the
characteristic properties of a series of organic compounds.
Organic Chemistry Table
Homologous Series Functional Group Structure of Name Example
Group
Alkane Single bond - Propane
Alkene Double bond !Unexpected End Propene
of Formula
Alkyne Triple bond ≡ Propyne
Chloroalkane H’s replaced by Cl’s - Cl Chloropropane
Alcohol Hydroxyl - OH Propanol
Aldehyde Carbonyl (end) - C=O(H) Propanal
Ketone Carbonyl (middle) - C=O Propanone
Carboxylic Acid Carboxyl - C=OOH Propanoic Acid
Ester Bridging oxygen -COO- Methyl ethanoate
Organic Chemistry | Topic Notes 1
,Hydrocarbons: Compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen only.
Saturated: Contain only single bonds.
Homologous Series: A series of compounds of uniform chemical type, showing
graduation in physical properties with a general formula for it’s members. They have a
similar method of preparation.
Prefix No. of Carbons
Meth - 1
Eth - 2
Prop - 3
But - 4
Pent - 5
Hex - 6
Hept - 7
Oct - 8
Non - 9
Dec - 10
Mike Eats Pringles But Prefers Hula Hoops On Nasty Days.
2
,Tetrahedral Carbon Compounds
Alkanes are tetrahedral carbon compounds. These are a homologous series, most of
these alkanes are fairly un reactive and are found naturally occuring. For example
Methane can be made in a biomass degenerator,
i.e. letting manure decay under anaerobic conditions. Methane however forms an
explosive mixture with air.
A hydrocarbon is a compound that contains hydrogen and carbon only. Many
hydrocarbons again, are naturally occuring and have been formed in the earth over
millions of years, e.g. crude oil, coal etc...
A homologous series is a series of compounds of uniform chemical type.
• Showing gradations in physical properties
• Having a general formula for all of its members
• Each member differs from the previous member by a CH2 unit.
Tetrahedral bond angles = 109 degrees
There are 3 types of tetrahedral carbon compounds on our course:
• Alkanes
• Alcohols
Organic Chemistry | Topic Notes 3
, • Chloroalkanes
4
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