BIOL 1020 Exam With Complete Solutions (A+)
Latest Update 100% Correct
carbohydrate- macromolecules that provide fuel and structure to cells, includes both
simple sugars and their more complex molecules (polymers)
monomer- a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer
dehydration reaction- the loss of 2 hydrogens and an oxygen when a bond forms
between monomers and polymers
hydrolysis reaction ANSWER when adding a water molecule to replace the hydrogen
and the hydroxyl group to their original position, when digesting a polymer
monosaccharide ANSWER simple sugar, broken down for energy quickly
Dissacharide ANSWER 2 simple sugars linked together
polysacchararide ANSWER more than one sugar linked together
starch ANSWER A polymer of glucose monomers which can be digested due to its alpha
configuration
glycogen ANSWER an example of a glucose polymer which can be broken down to
release glucose monomers
cellulose ANSWER function to enclose plant cells and give them structural integrity
glycemic index ANSWER a way of measuring how quickly blood-glucose levels rise after
eating carbohydrate containing foods
glycoproteins ANSWER combination of proteins and carbohydrates which are found on
,cell surfaces
polypeptide ANSWER linked amino acids which form proteins
peptide bond - ANSWER linkage between amino acids containing a carbon, oxygen and
an amino group (NH); formed by the reaction of a carboxyl group and amino group
amino acid primary structure - ANSWER sequence of amino acids
amino acid secondary structure - ANSWER linear folding of polypeptide sequence into
coils and folds due to the charge of properties of the amino acid side chain- held
together by hydrogen bonds
Amino Acid tertiary structure - ANSWER more complex structure where the chain is
further folded into a globular configuration
amino acid quarternary structure - ANSWER subunit associate by interacting with other
surface amino acids to form a protein
Energy - ANSWER The capacity of a system to do work
metabolism - ANSWER coupling of energy conversions to chemical reactions that
change matter and energy according to the laws of thermodynamics, involves 2
exergonic reactions coupled with an endergonic reaction
first law of thermodynamics - ANSWER Energy of the universe is constant, cannot be
created or destroyed
second law of thermodynamics - ANSWER every energy conversion reduces the
organization (increases entropy) of the universe
, Gibbs free energy GFE - ANSWER amount of energy available to perform work in a
system when pressure and temperature remain constant
catabolic reactions - ANSWER decomposition of molecules in which the change of GFE
is negative
anabolic reaction - ANSWER synthesis of molecules in which the change of GFE is
positive
exergonic reactions - ANSWER energy leaves catabolic, change in GFE is negative,
spontaneous, less entropy
endergonic reactions - ANSWER energy enters (anabolic), change in GFE is positive,
non-spontaneous, increases entropy coupled reactions - ANSWER use of energy in
exergonic reactions with the energy input from endergonic reactions (incl. metabolism)
cellular respiration - ANSWER change of glucose and oxygen to water and carbon
dioxide. reaction is highly controlled to manage the amount of energy released and
wasted
Cellular Respiration glycolysis - ANSWER the first step in cellular respiration in which
glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate with 2 NADH, 2H20 and 2 ATP being produces.
Occurs within the cytoplasm
pyruvate oxidation - ANSWER second step in cellular respiration in which pyruvate is
broken down into Acetyl-CoA and carbon dioxide with 1 NADH released. Occurs within
the mitochondria
Citric acid cycle - ANSWER third step in cellular respiration: Acetyl-CoA is degraded to
carbon dioxide, with a resulting release of NADH, FADH, and GTP. This process occurs
twice, in the lumen of the mitochondria
Electron transport chain - ANSWER forth step in cellular respiration: NADH and FADH
are degraded into proton gradient and water. Occurs between inner and outer
mitochondrial membranes. Part of oxidative phosphorylation
chemiosmosis - ANSWER fifth step in cellular respiration: proton gradient is converted
into energy to spin rotor producing 1 ATP at a time. occurs in-between inner and outer
mitochondrial membrane
Latest Update 100% Correct
carbohydrate- macromolecules that provide fuel and structure to cells, includes both
simple sugars and their more complex molecules (polymers)
monomer- a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer
dehydration reaction- the loss of 2 hydrogens and an oxygen when a bond forms
between monomers and polymers
hydrolysis reaction ANSWER when adding a water molecule to replace the hydrogen
and the hydroxyl group to their original position, when digesting a polymer
monosaccharide ANSWER simple sugar, broken down for energy quickly
Dissacharide ANSWER 2 simple sugars linked together
polysacchararide ANSWER more than one sugar linked together
starch ANSWER A polymer of glucose monomers which can be digested due to its alpha
configuration
glycogen ANSWER an example of a glucose polymer which can be broken down to
release glucose monomers
cellulose ANSWER function to enclose plant cells and give them structural integrity
glycemic index ANSWER a way of measuring how quickly blood-glucose levels rise after
eating carbohydrate containing foods
glycoproteins ANSWER combination of proteins and carbohydrates which are found on
,cell surfaces
polypeptide ANSWER linked amino acids which form proteins
peptide bond - ANSWER linkage between amino acids containing a carbon, oxygen and
an amino group (NH); formed by the reaction of a carboxyl group and amino group
amino acid primary structure - ANSWER sequence of amino acids
amino acid secondary structure - ANSWER linear folding of polypeptide sequence into
coils and folds due to the charge of properties of the amino acid side chain- held
together by hydrogen bonds
Amino Acid tertiary structure - ANSWER more complex structure where the chain is
further folded into a globular configuration
amino acid quarternary structure - ANSWER subunit associate by interacting with other
surface amino acids to form a protein
Energy - ANSWER The capacity of a system to do work
metabolism - ANSWER coupling of energy conversions to chemical reactions that
change matter and energy according to the laws of thermodynamics, involves 2
exergonic reactions coupled with an endergonic reaction
first law of thermodynamics - ANSWER Energy of the universe is constant, cannot be
created or destroyed
second law of thermodynamics - ANSWER every energy conversion reduces the
organization (increases entropy) of the universe
, Gibbs free energy GFE - ANSWER amount of energy available to perform work in a
system when pressure and temperature remain constant
catabolic reactions - ANSWER decomposition of molecules in which the change of GFE
is negative
anabolic reaction - ANSWER synthesis of molecules in which the change of GFE is
positive
exergonic reactions - ANSWER energy leaves catabolic, change in GFE is negative,
spontaneous, less entropy
endergonic reactions - ANSWER energy enters (anabolic), change in GFE is positive,
non-spontaneous, increases entropy coupled reactions - ANSWER use of energy in
exergonic reactions with the energy input from endergonic reactions (incl. metabolism)
cellular respiration - ANSWER change of glucose and oxygen to water and carbon
dioxide. reaction is highly controlled to manage the amount of energy released and
wasted
Cellular Respiration glycolysis - ANSWER the first step in cellular respiration in which
glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate with 2 NADH, 2H20 and 2 ATP being produces.
Occurs within the cytoplasm
pyruvate oxidation - ANSWER second step in cellular respiration in which pyruvate is
broken down into Acetyl-CoA and carbon dioxide with 1 NADH released. Occurs within
the mitochondria
Citric acid cycle - ANSWER third step in cellular respiration: Acetyl-CoA is degraded to
carbon dioxide, with a resulting release of NADH, FADH, and GTP. This process occurs
twice, in the lumen of the mitochondria
Electron transport chain - ANSWER forth step in cellular respiration: NADH and FADH
are degraded into proton gradient and water. Occurs between inner and outer
mitochondrial membranes. Part of oxidative phosphorylation
chemiosmosis - ANSWER fifth step in cellular respiration: proton gradient is converted
into energy to spin rotor producing 1 ATP at a time. occurs in-between inner and outer
mitochondrial membrane
