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BIOL 1020 EXAM WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100% CORRECT LATEST UPDATE
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BIOL 1020 EXAM WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100%CORRECT LATEST UPDATE
Describe the difference between G0 and G1 phase of a cell cycle. - ANSWER The G1
phase is a period of cell growth during which a dividing cell prepares for DNA
replication between mitosis. G0 phase is a special, longer resting period that occurs in
quiescent or NO LONGER DIVIDING cells.
What do you think would happen if a cell went through only the M and S phase of the cell
cycle and bypassed G1 and G2? - ANSWER DNA replication occurs during the S phase,
while mitosis occurs during the M phase. Cells grow and synthesize proteins during G1
and G2. Thus, a cell bypassing both the G phases would be expected to DIVIDE
REPEATEDLY into smaller and smaller cells WITHOUT GROWING IN SIZE. Indeed, this is
what happens in cleavage, a series of rapid divisions occurring soon after fertilization to
multiply the cell numbers.
RNA and DNA polymerase act differently in ways which include: - ANSWER DNA Pol
needs a primer. RNA polymerase does not.
DNA works with free deoxyribonucleotides, RNA with ribonucleotides.
similarities in function of DNA and RNA polymerases. - ANS ENZYMES
Free NUCLEOTIDES and polymerize them INTO LONG POLYMER
MAKE SINGLE STRANDS of the appropriate polymer
How many different types of RNA polymerases operate in a eukaryotic cell? What are
their specific roles? - ANS 1) RNAPolI - transcription of genes
2) RNAPolII - produces RNA transcripts
3) RNAPolIII.
,When RNA is synthesized, the new nucleotides are added to what side(s) of the existing
RNA strand? - ANSWER 3' end
If you have a 39 base mRNA transcript, and assuming it ends in UAA, how many amino
acids could you possibly have in this molecule? - ANSWER 12 NOT 13!
How many anticodons are there? - ANSWER 64
(after removing 3 from start and 3 from end)
How might one embryonic stem cell produce some daughter cells that are liver cells,
while other daughter cells become skin cells? - ANSWER DIVIDES AND
DIFFERENTIATES
How does expression of the bicoid gene in Drosophilas control differentiation of the
early Drosophila embryo? - ANSWER Bicoid protein determines the polarity of the
developing embryo.
What property of stem cells allows them to become more than one cell type? ANSWER
Stem cells make few permanent changes in their gene expression capabilities.
(because stem cell gene expression changes are flexible in order to accommodate
future changes in gene expression associated with differentiation.)
How does cell-to-cell induction influence cell differentiation? ANSWER Induction
influences GENE EXPRESSION in TARGET CELLS.
because induction signals both increase and decrease gene expression in their target
cells.
How are homeotic genes involved in the generation of pattern in the early embryo? -
ANSWER The products of homeotic genes play critical roles in morphogenesis of an
embryo.
, How do maternal effect genes control cell fate? - ANSWER They can give rise to an
mRNA gradient that control body patterning.
How would a mutation in the operator of the lac operon that prevented the LacI
repressor from binding affect expression of the genes in the lac operon? - ANSWER The
lac operon genes would be expressed constitutively.
What is the function of the sigma factor in transcription? - ANSWER to allow
sequence-specific binding of RNA polymerase to promoters
Which of the following mutations would you predict have the same effect as a mutation
where the LacI repressor is no longer able to bind to the operator? ANSWER A mutation
in the operator so that the LacI repressor can no longer bind to it. In both cases, the lac
operon genes would be expressed continuously.
What stage of the cell cycle do the majority of the cells in the human body spend the
majority of their time in? ANSWER G0
What happens at M checkpoint in cell cycle? - ANWER In the M check point, the cell
checks whether each CHROMATID ATTACHED TO MITOTIC SPINDLE at its kinetochore.
It is done to ensure that chromatids are pulled to poles during anaphase and cells
receive an equal no. of chromosomes. If some of the kinetochores are not attached with
spindle, anaphase does not begin.
How is Cyclin-Cdk holoenzyme formed and subsequently activated? -ANSWER The
holoenzyme composition has two subunits, one for the kinase and the other for cyclin.
When the complex formation between cyclin and kinase subunits takes place,
phosphorylation of the kinase subunit activates the holoenzyme.
Why is the G1 checkpoint particularly important in animal cells? - ANSWER A cell that
passes the G1 checkpoint usually begins to replicate its DNA.
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