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ACSM Personal Training Exam Study
Guide Solutions
Sagittal/lateral - ANSWER✔✔-left/right
Frontal/coronal - ANSWER✔✔-anterior/posterior
Transverse/Horizontal - ANSWER✔✔-superior/inferior (all twisting)
Anterior/posterior - ANSWER✔✔-front/back
Superficial/deep - ANSWER✔✔-close to the surface/below surface
Proximal/distal - ANSWER✔✔-close to the trunk/farther from the trunk
Medial/lateral - ANSWER✔✔-closer to the midline/farther from midline
Superior/inferior - ANSWER✔✔-above/below
Ipsilateral/contralateral - ANSWER✔✔-same side/opposite side
Unilateral/bilateral - ANSWER✔✔-one side/both sides
Supine/prone - ANSWER✔✔-laying face up/face down
Abduction/adduction - ANSWER✔✔-away from midline/toward midline
Flexion/extension - ANSWER✔✔-decrease joint angle/increase joint angle
Lateral flexion - ANSWER✔✔-decrease joint angle (spine/side bend)
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Plantarflexion/dorsiflexion - ANSWER✔✔-extension/flexion of ankle
Hyperextension - ANSWER✔✔-extension beyond normal angle
Internal/external rotation - ANSWER✔✔-transverse plane rotation toward/away from midline
Supination/pronation - ANSWER✔✔-roll out/roll in
Retraction/protraction - ANSWER✔✔-scapula toward (row)/away (shoulder press) from midline
Inversion/eversion - ANSWER✔✔-foot medially/laterally
Elevation/depression - ANSWER✔✔-shoulder upward/downward
Circumduction - ANSWER✔✔-360 degree arc
Isometric, or static - ANSWER✔✔-tension in muscle fiber, no work done, no movement
Isotonic, or dynamic - ANSWER✔✔-muscle fibers change length and joint angle changes
Isotonic concentric - ANSWER✔✔-muscle shortens (bicep curl up)
Isotonic eccentric - ANSWER✔✔-muscle lengthens (bicep curl down)
Isokinetic - ANSWER✔✔-contraction with consistent velocity (the whole fluid movement of the curl up
and down)
Agonist - ANSWER✔✔-prime mover (bicep on the way up, tricep on the way down)
Antagonist - ANSWER✔✔-opposing muscle to prime mover
Synergists - ANSWER✔✔-stabilizing/fixating joints, smaller muscles
Quadriceps group - ANSWER✔✔-Rectus Femoris, Vastus Intemedius, Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Medius
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Hamstrings group - ANSWER✔✔-Biceps Femoris, Semitendonsus, Semimembranosus
Rotator cuff group - ANSWER✔✔-Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, Subscapularis
Pectoralis Major/Posterior Deltoid - ANSWER✔✔-horizontal shoulder abduction/adduction
Mid-trapezius/Pectoralis Minor - ANSWER✔✔-Scapular retraction/protraction
Latissimus/Medial Deltoid - ANSWER✔✔-Shoulder abduction/adduction
Erector Spinae/Abdominals - ANSWER✔✔-spinal extension/flexion
Biceps brachii/triceps brachii - ANSWER✔✔-elbow extension/flexion
Gluteus maximus/Iliopsoas - ANSWER✔✔-hip extension/flexion
Quadriceps/hamstrings - ANSWER✔✔-knee extension/flexion
Gastrocnemius/Tibialis anterior - ANSWER✔✔-plantarflexion/dorsiflexion
Obliques - ANSWER✔✔-spinal rotation/lateral flexion
Pectoralis Major - ANSWER✔✔-Shoulder- horizontal adduction
Middle Deltoid - ANSWER✔✔-Shoulder- frontal plane abduction
Anterior Deltoid - ANSWER✔✔-Shoulder- horizontal adduction/flexion
Posterior Deltoid - ANSWER✔✔-Shoulder- horizontal abduction
Latissimus Dorsi - ANSWER✔✔-Shoulder- adduction, extension, hyperextension
Teres Major - ANSWER✔✔-Shoulder- adduction, extension, hyperextension
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ACSM Personal Training Exam Study
Guide Solutions
Sagittal/lateral - ANSWER✔✔-left/right
Frontal/coronal - ANSWER✔✔-anterior/posterior
Transverse/Horizontal - ANSWER✔✔-superior/inferior (all twisting)
Anterior/posterior - ANSWER✔✔-front/back
Superficial/deep - ANSWER✔✔-close to the surface/below surface
Proximal/distal - ANSWER✔✔-close to the trunk/farther from the trunk
Medial/lateral - ANSWER✔✔-closer to the midline/farther from midline
Superior/inferior - ANSWER✔✔-above/below
Ipsilateral/contralateral - ANSWER✔✔-same side/opposite side
Unilateral/bilateral - ANSWER✔✔-one side/both sides
Supine/prone - ANSWER✔✔-laying face up/face down
Abduction/adduction - ANSWER✔✔-away from midline/toward midline
Flexion/extension - ANSWER✔✔-decrease joint angle/increase joint angle
Lateral flexion - ANSWER✔✔-decrease joint angle (spine/side bend)
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Plantarflexion/dorsiflexion - ANSWER✔✔-extension/flexion of ankle
Hyperextension - ANSWER✔✔-extension beyond normal angle
Internal/external rotation - ANSWER✔✔-transverse plane rotation toward/away from midline
Supination/pronation - ANSWER✔✔-roll out/roll in
Retraction/protraction - ANSWER✔✔-scapula toward (row)/away (shoulder press) from midline
Inversion/eversion - ANSWER✔✔-foot medially/laterally
Elevation/depression - ANSWER✔✔-shoulder upward/downward
Circumduction - ANSWER✔✔-360 degree arc
Isometric, or static - ANSWER✔✔-tension in muscle fiber, no work done, no movement
Isotonic, or dynamic - ANSWER✔✔-muscle fibers change length and joint angle changes
Isotonic concentric - ANSWER✔✔-muscle shortens (bicep curl up)
Isotonic eccentric - ANSWER✔✔-muscle lengthens (bicep curl down)
Isokinetic - ANSWER✔✔-contraction with consistent velocity (the whole fluid movement of the curl up
and down)
Agonist - ANSWER✔✔-prime mover (bicep on the way up, tricep on the way down)
Antagonist - ANSWER✔✔-opposing muscle to prime mover
Synergists - ANSWER✔✔-stabilizing/fixating joints, smaller muscles
Quadriceps group - ANSWER✔✔-Rectus Femoris, Vastus Intemedius, Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Medius
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Hamstrings group - ANSWER✔✔-Biceps Femoris, Semitendonsus, Semimembranosus
Rotator cuff group - ANSWER✔✔-Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, Subscapularis
Pectoralis Major/Posterior Deltoid - ANSWER✔✔-horizontal shoulder abduction/adduction
Mid-trapezius/Pectoralis Minor - ANSWER✔✔-Scapular retraction/protraction
Latissimus/Medial Deltoid - ANSWER✔✔-Shoulder abduction/adduction
Erector Spinae/Abdominals - ANSWER✔✔-spinal extension/flexion
Biceps brachii/triceps brachii - ANSWER✔✔-elbow extension/flexion
Gluteus maximus/Iliopsoas - ANSWER✔✔-hip extension/flexion
Quadriceps/hamstrings - ANSWER✔✔-knee extension/flexion
Gastrocnemius/Tibialis anterior - ANSWER✔✔-plantarflexion/dorsiflexion
Obliques - ANSWER✔✔-spinal rotation/lateral flexion
Pectoralis Major - ANSWER✔✔-Shoulder- horizontal adduction
Middle Deltoid - ANSWER✔✔-Shoulder- frontal plane abduction
Anterior Deltoid - ANSWER✔✔-Shoulder- horizontal adduction/flexion
Posterior Deltoid - ANSWER✔✔-Shoulder- horizontal abduction
Latissimus Dorsi - ANSWER✔✔-Shoulder- adduction, extension, hyperextension
Teres Major - ANSWER✔✔-Shoulder- adduction, extension, hyperextension
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