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BMB 401: Vitamins Questions & Answers
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BMB 401: Vitamins Questions & Answers
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BMB 401: Vitamins Questions &Answers
Which of these would yield more energy and reducing equivalents (which has more carbons and
also carbons that are less oxidized): glucose or fatty acid? Correct Ans-Fatty acid
Why would fatty acid yield more energy and reducing equivalents than glucose? Correct Ans-
Because glucose has carbons that are at the oxidation state of an alcohol whereas the fatty acid
has carbons that are at the oxidation state of an alkane; therefore, even if we had a 6-carbon
fatty acid, between the fatty acid and the glucose, there would still be more energy in the fatty
acid because most of these carbons would be at the level of an alkane rather than an alcohol
The oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (aldehyde) to 3-phosphoglyceric acid would
release or absorb energy? Correct Ans-Release energy
What are reducing equivalents? Correct Ans-Electrons with high transfer potential used to
make things we really need
Can be used to create an ion gradient across a membrane
The ion gradient across a membrane created by reducing equivalents is caused by
what? Correct Ans-A difference in electric potential caused by charge separation
The difference in electric potential generated by reducing equivalents to form an ion gradient
across a membrane is similar to what? Correct Ans-The electrochemical potential seen in a
battery
The electrochemical potential of reducing equivalents is used to do what? Correct Ans-Power
the synthesis of ATP
,What percentage of ATP synthesis is the electrochemical potential of reducing equivalents
responsible for? Correct Ans-Reducing equivalent electrochemical potential is responsible for
the synthesis of 90% of the ATP made in animal cells
What are the stages of generating ATP energy? Correct Ans-Stage 1: harvesting ATP from
food
Stage 2: glycolysis
Stage 3: tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
Much more ATP is formed during what part of stage 3 and why? Correct Ans-Oxidative
phosphorylation as a result of a proton gradient set up by electron transfer
Describe what happens during stage 1: harvesting ATP from food. Correct Ans-Food is broken
down into smaller compounds:
Proteins to amino acids
Complex carbohydrates to simple sugars
Fats to glycerol and fatty acids
Describe what happens during stage 2: glycolysis. Correct Ans-Glucose and other simple
sugars are broken down to generate acetyl coA
Describe what happens during stage 3: tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative
phosphorylation. Correct Ans-The acetyl group is fully oxidized to carbon dioxide and
electrons are produced
What are activated carriers? Correct Ans-Carriers of high-energy electrons for fuel oxidation
, Give an example of an activated carrier. Correct Ans-NAD+
What is the oxidized form of NAD+? Correct Ans-NAD+
What is the reduced form of NAD+? Correct Ans-NADH
What does NAD+ transfer? Correct Ans-2 electrons and a proton
Where is NAD+ derived from? Correct Ans-Niacin (vitamin B3)
Where is the reaction site for NAD+? Correct Ans-The nicotinamide ring
The proton that is transferred by NAD+ is in what form? Correct Ans-Hydride ion; H-
What are vitamins? Correct Ans-Organic small molecules needed in trace amounts from the
diet
Essential nutrients
Carry functional groups and electrons necessary for enzymes to do their jobs (something that
amino acids cannot do)
Many vitamin derivatives are what? Correct Ans-Coenzymes
Vitamins are modified to make what? Correct Ans-Coenzymes necessary for enzyme function
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