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ACBS 215 Exam 2 Study Guide! questions well answered to pass
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ACBS 215 Exam 2 Study Guide!questions well answered to pass
What are the subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system
o What is their main functions of each division?
o What are the main connections for each division (ie, where do neurons in the sensory division start
and end?) - correct answer ✔✔There are two major divisions which are the sensory (afferent) and motor
(efferent). Spinal and cranial nerves. Sensory main functions are somatic and visceral sensory nerve
fibers and conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS. Motor main functions are motor nerve fibers
and conducting impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands). Sensory= receptors to CNS.
Motor= CNS to receptors.
What are the main cells of the Nervous system (5 in the CNS and 3 in the PNS)
o What is the overall function of each cell?
o Which ones are most abundant in the CNS? - correct answer ✔✔CNS
Ependymal- Line central cavity of brain and spinal column, permeable layer with cillia
Astrocytes- between blood vessels, structural support, regulate nutrient concentrations, promote tight
junctions
Oligodendrocytes- myelin sheath
Microglia- migrate and phagocytose
Neuroglia- support, nourish, protect
PNS-
Satellite -
schwann cells- myelin sheath
Astrocytes are most abundant.
Are neurons short lived or long lived? - correct answer ✔✔Long lived (amitotic)
What is a group of cell bodies in the CNS called? In the PNS? - correct answer ✔✔CNS= nucleus
,PNS= ganglion
What are a group of axons in the CNS called? In the PNS? - correct answer ✔✔CNS= tract
PNS= nerve
What is the main function of an axon? - correct answer ✔✔Passes message away from cell body to the
nerve, muscle, or gland
What are very long axons called? - correct answer ✔✔Nerve fiber
What's the importance of the axon hillock? - correct answer ✔✔The axon hillock is the last site in the
soma where membrane potentials propagated from synaptic inputs are summated before being
transmitted to the axon.
What is myelin? Where is it found? What cells produce it where? And what is the difference between
Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes? - correct answer ✔✔White fatty sheath
On axons to protect, insulate, and speed reactions helps form Nodes of Ranvier
Schwann cells (PNS) and oligodendrocytes (CNS)
What is the role of the presynaptic membrane and post sympatric membrane? Do they touch? How do
most neurons communicate across the synaptic cleft? - correct answer ✔✔Neurotransmitters in synaptic
vesicles
Active Zones- initiate the release of vesicles postsynaptic membrane- Receptors for neurotransmitters.
communicate through chemical in neurons electrical in gila, epithelial, muscles
Unipolar, Bipolar, Pseudopolar, multipolar neurons - what do each one look like, where is each type
found, which is the most common? - correct answer ✔✔Unipolar-Single fiber that extends from cell
body and divides into two branches
Dendrite axon, sensory neurons
Bipolar- Has only two nerve fibers
1 axon 1 dendrite
eyes , nose, ears
, Pseudounipolar- Developed as bipolar but fused as one neurite
Sense, touch, pain, pressure
multipolar neurons (most common)- Many nerve fibers
1 axon many dendrites
Communication between neurons and motor
Sensory, motor, interneurons - what is the difference between each one (think: where they start and
end), which is the most common? - correct answer ✔✔Interneurons most common- mostly in brain and
spinal cord. Distribute sensory info and coordinate motor activity
Sensory- cell bodies in spinal cord (pseudounipolar)
Motor-cell body in CNS
What neurotransmitters are associated with what branches of the ANS - what are those neurons called?
- correct answer ✔✔Acetylcholine- Cholinergic somatic
GABA- adrenergic system parasympathetic
Be able to explain how an action potential is generated from resting state to depolarization to generation
of action potential to propagation to release of NTs at the synaptic cleft. - correct answer ✔✔
What creates a resting membrane potential - which ions/organic ions are responsible and what
channels/pumps are working - correct answer ✔✔i. When there is no impulse = resting membrane;
potential comes from negative charge inside the cell
ii. Na+ & Cl- higher outside the cell; K+ & organic anions (proteins/AAs) higher inside the cell
iii. Na+ & K+ move inside and outside of cell through PASSIVE/LEAK channels - @ equilibrium
iv. Countered by ATPase pump - maintains unequal distribution of ions
Whats a postsynaptic potential - how is it generated - what does it mean to be graded? - correct answer
✔✔i. A neurotransmitter binds, activating the chemical gated channel, causing a change in membrane
potential
1. Channel opens or closes and changes flow of ions (affecting potential)
ii. Channels are GRADED: magnitude of postsynaptic potential depends on amount and duration of NT
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