why doesn't venus experience plate tectonics? - ️️Two Possibilities
Venus is so hot that its lithosphere may slowly flow rather than break into plates
Venus is so dry that its lithosphere may be too strong to break
Why is Olympus Mons so big? - ️️Olympus Mons is a relatively flat shield ...
Venus is so hot that its lithosphere may slowly flow rather than break
into plates
Venus is so dry that its lithosphere may be too strong to break
Why is Olympus Mons so big? - ✔ ✔ Olympus Mons is a relatively
flat shield volcano; 22 km high and over 600 km in diameter; avg.
slope of 4 degrees
Olympus Mons is this large due to: weak Mars gravity allows high
topography, no plate tectonics on Mars to move a volcano off a
hotspot, and weaker errosional processes on Mars allow for taller
topography
why is pluto still hot inside? - ✔ ✔ we're not sure
Why is the hotspot volcano Olympus Mons on Mars much taller than
the hotspot volcano Mauna Kea on Earth? - ✔ ✔ all of the above
With the Earth's mass (gravity) so much larger than the Moon's, why
do most asteroids and comets hit both with similar velocities? - ✔ ✔
objects hitting the moon get an assist from the moon's gravity
How can you most easily sample the subsurface ocean on
Enceladus? - ✔ ✔ Saturn's E-ring results from water ice ejected
from Enceladus' cryovolcanic eruptions at escape velocity; the
Cassini spacecraft sampled a water vapor plume of Enceladus and
Saturn's associated E-ring and made the first-ever detection of
complex organics coming from an extraterrestrial water world
,How do the size of impact craters compare to the size of the
impactor? - ✔ ✔ impact craters are generally 10-30 times larger
than the impactors
How does a caldera form? - ✔ ✔ calderas are large circular
depressions formed when the surface collapses into an emptying
magma chamber; calderas are NOT formed by ejecting the surface
material, though they ARE often accompanied by the formation of
smaller eruption craters that serve to remove subsurface material
How does a cinder cone form? - ✔ ✔ build when Tephra (air
cooled lava fragments) are thrown out of a volcanic vent
How does a stratovolcano form? - ✔ ✔ midsize volcanoes that
form as a result of alternating pyroclastic flow and effusive lava
flows
how does accretion lead to heat? - ✔ ✔ Kinetic energy of objects
colliding is converted to heat via deformation and friction.
What is volcanic ash? - ✔ ✔ conductive shards of volcanic glass
What kind of volcano does low viscosity magma lead to? - ✔ ✔
lead to broad, shallow, sloped volcanoes (shield)
What kind of volcanoes are found on Mercury? - ✔ ✔ though
mercury is covered with lava, there are no identifiable volcanoes;
mercury's low viscosity lava flows fill up and create "ghost craters";
the viscosity of Mercury's lava is too low to develop volcanic
topography and instead seep out of fissures
what protects us from the solar wind? - ✔ ✔ The magnetic field
protects us from solar wind. Most of the charged particles that get
through are stopped by the atmosphere
, Where are cryovolcanoes found on Earth? - ✔ ✔ there are no
readily identifiable cryovolcanoes on earth; if there were, they would
probably look like a geyser at Yellowstone
where are strike slip faults found besides earth? - ✔ ✔ Jupiter's
moons Europa and Ganymede
Where do giant flood basalts originate from? - ✔ ✔ when hot spot
mantle plumes first protrude to the surface, they cause giant flood
basalts (huge flows of over 1000 sq km that occur in a relatively
short amount of time)
where is earth's magnetic pole really located? - ✔ ✔ The Earth's
magnetic North pole is located near the geographic South pole
Which type of volcanism is observed on the other terrestrial planets?
- ✔ ✔ hot spots: mid ocean ridges and subduction zones require
plate tectonics, which has not been observed on other terrestrial
planets
Which will cool faster: smaller planets/moons or larger ones? - ✔ ✔
smaller bodies will get rid of their heat faster
how does conduction transfer heat? - ✔ ✔ Conduction is the
transfer of heat through a solid by the spread of vibrations
The hotter atoms are, the more they vibrate
how does convection transfer heat? - ✔ ✔ Convection is the
transfer of heat through fluid motion
how does core formation lead to heat? - ✔ ✔ When iron within a
melted interior falls into the core during differentiation, it causes the
core to deform, which produces heat
Amounts to about ~10% of that produced during accretion (slower
speeds and less deformation)
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