Porth's Pathophysiology, Concepts
of Altered Health States, 11th
Edition by Tommie L. Norris
Complete Chapter Solutions Manual
are included (Ch 1 to 52)
** Immediate Download
** Swift Response
** All Chapters included
**Answers to review exercises
** Answers to assignments
** Answers to case studies
** clinical judgment unfolding cases
** Answers to discussion topics
,Table of Contents are given below
Chapter 1: Concepts of Health and Diseases
Chapter 2: Cell and Tissue Characteristics
Chapter 3: Cellular Adaptation, Injury, and Death
Chapter 4: Genetic Control of Cell Function and Inheritance
Chapter 5: Genetic and Congenital Disorders
Chapter 6: Neoplasia
Chapter 7: Stress and Adaptation
Chapter 8: Disorders of Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
Unit 4 Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity
Chapter 9: Inflammation, Tissue Repair, and Wound Healing
Chapter 10: Mechanisms of Infectious Disease
Chapter 11: Innate and Adaptive Immunity
Chapter 12: Disorders of the Immune Response, Including IV/AIDS
Chapter 13: Organization and Control of Neural Function
Chapter 14: Somatosensory Function, Pain, Headache, and Temperature Regulation
Chapter 15: Disorders of Motor Function
Chapter 16: Disorders of Brain Function
Chapter 17: Sleep and Sleep-Wake Disorders
Chapter 18: Disorders of Thought, Emotion, and Memory
Chapter 19: Disorders of Visual Function
Chapter 20: Disorders of Hearing and Vestibular Function
Chapter 21: Blood Cells and the Hematopoietic System
Chapter 22: Disorder of Hemostasis
Chapter 23: Disorders of Red Blood Cells
Chapter 24: Disorders of White Blood Cells and Lymphoid Tissues
Chapter 25: Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular System
Chapter 26: Disorders of Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation
Chapter 27: Disorders of Cardiac Function, and Heart Failure and Circulatory Shock
Chapter 28: Disorders of Cardiac Conduction and Rhythm
Chapter 29: Structure and Function of the Respiratory System
Chapter 30: Respiratory Tract Infections, Neoplasms, and Childhood Disorders
Chapter 31: Disorders of Ventilation and Gas Exchange
Chapter 32: Structure and Function of the Kidney
Chapter 33: Disorders of Renal Function
Chapter 34: Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease
Chapter 35: Disorders of the Bladder and Lower Urinary Tract
Chapter 36: Structure and Function of the Gastrointestinal System
Chapter 37: Disorders of Gastrointestinal Function
Chapter 38: Disorders of Hepatobiliary and Exocrine Pancreas Function
Chapter 39: Alterations in Nutritional Status
Chapter 40: Mechanisms of Endocrine Control
Chapter 41: Disorders of Endocrine Control of Growth and Metabolism
Chapter 42: Structure and Function of the Make Genitourinary System
Chapter 43: Disorders of the Male Reproductive System
Chapter 44: Structure and Function of the Female Reproductive System
Chapter 45: Disorders of the Female Reproductive System
Chapter 46: Sexually Transmitted Infections
Chapter 47: Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System
Chapter 48: Disorders of Musculoskeletal Function: Trauma, Infection, Neoplasms
Chapter 49: Disorders of Musculoskeletal Function: Developmental and Metabolic Disorders, Activity Intolerance, and Fatigue
Chapter 50: Disorders of Musculoskeletal Function: Rheumatic Disorders
Chapter 51: Structure and Function of the Skin
Chapter 52: Disorders of Skin Integrity and Function
,Solutions Manual organized in reverse order, with the last chapter displayed first, to ensure that
all chapters are included in this document. (Complete Chapters included Ch52-1)
Answers to Review Exercises, Chapter 52, Disorders of
Skin Integrity and Function
Please note: The exercises are meant to expand your thinking and approach to the
information covered in the textbook; therefore, not all the answers to the exercises will
be found simply by reading the textbook. You may need to use your research skills and
consult other resources to fully answer the questions. Use these answers as guidance to
your own explorations.
Exercise 1, Question A
Your answer should include a discussion of superficial fungal infections. Tinea, also known as ringworm, is
classified as superficial mycoses and invades only the superficial keratinized tissue (skin, hair, and nails). The
fungi that cause superficial mycoses live on the dead keratinized cells of the epidermis and emit an enzyme
that enables them to digest keratin. This results in symptoms of superficial skin scaling, nail disintegration,
or hair breakage, depending on the location of the infection.
Children between 3 and 14 years of age are primarily affected. Lower incidence rates among adults
have been partially attributed to the higher content of fatty acids in the sebum after puberty.
Tinea capitis is an infectious disease that is contagious. Spread of this fungal infection, as any
infection, occurs more frequently when individuals are closely cohorted and share items as occurs in a day
care/school situation. The increased incidence of ringworm that is reported in the winter months is logically
related to the wearing/sharing/storing of hats in very close quarters.
Exercise 1, Question B
Your answer should include that these fungi called dermatophytes prefer the skin-covered areas of the body
because they are incapable of growing at core body temperatures. They can grow only at the cooler
cutaneous surfaces.
Exercise 1, Question C
Your answer should include that the method of diagnosis of superficial fungal infections is primarily by
microscopic examination of skin scrapings for fungal spores, the reproducing bodies of fungi. Cultures may
also be performed using a dermatophyte test medium or a microculture slide that produces color changes
and allows for direct microscopic identification.
Exercise 2, Question A
Your answer should include the fact that herpes zoster, or shingles, is caused by the same organism that
causes chickenpox. It is believed to be the result of a reactivation of a latent varicella-zoster virus that was
, dormant in the sensory dorsal root ganglia following a childhood infection. During an episode of herpes
zoster, the reactivated virus travels from the ganglia to the skin of the corresponding dermatome.
Localized pain in the area of involvement occurs with shingles. Pain, ranging from mild to severe, is noted
only at the involved dermatome. Pain persisting beyond 1 month, even after the rash is gone, is referred to
as postherpetic neuralgia. This pain can be severe and debilitating.
Exercise 2, Question B
Your answer should include reference to the fact that the virus has been latent in the sensory dorsal root
ganglia since childhood. When reactivated, the virus travels from the ganglia to the skin of the corresponding
dermatome. The most frequently involved dermatomes are the thoracic (55%), cranial (20%), lumbar
(15%), and sacral (5%).
Exercise 3, Question A
Your answer should include the fact that histologically, psoriasis is characterized by increased epidermal cell
turnover with marked epidermal thickening, a process called hyperkeratosis. This process is evidenced in the
development of the plaques of psoriasis.
Exercise 3, Question B
Your answer should include the fact that individuals with psoriasis are cautioned to not itch because of the
risk of infection. Organisms located on hands and under finger nails place those with psoriasis at risk for
infection because of their altered skin integrity.
Exercise 3, Question C
Your answer should include a comparison of the topical keratolytic agents and corticosteroid skin
preparations.
Agents Effect on Plaque Lesions
Keratolytic agents (salicylic acid) Peeling agents; softens and removes the plaque
Corticosteroid skin preparations Inhibits epidermal cell differentiation
Exercise 4, Question A
Your answer should include the fact that the relationship between sun exposure and skin cancer remains
unclear. Both total cumulative exposure and altered patterns of exposure are strongly implicated. Basal cell
and squamous cell carcinomas are often associated with total cumulative exposure to ultraviolet radiation.
The rising incidence of skin cancer has been attributed to increased sun exposure associated with societal
and lifestyle shifts in the United States. The thinning of the ozone layer in the earth’s stratosphere is thought
to be another factor in this incidence rate. Society’s influence on sun tanning is also implicated. People have
more leisure time and spend increasing amounts of time in the sun with uncovered skin.
