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BMS 301 TAP EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
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BMS 301 TAP EXAM QUESTIONSAND CORRECT ANSWERS
Describe the functions of the spinal cord - ANSWER Sensory processor-
receives info from the entire body (except the head)- sends info to the cerebrum,
brain stem, cerebellum, and other regions.
Motor outflow- lower motor neurons travel through ventral horns (the final
common pathway essential for movement), and upper motor neurons in white
matter (descending from bran).
Reflexes - local circuits. A reflex is a stereotyped movement driven by a
sensory stimulus.
"The spinal cord is anatomically segmented" - ANSWER There are 31 spinal
cord segments and 31 pairs of spinal nerves. There are 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5
lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1-3 coccygeal segments.
Enlargements of the spinal cord - ANSWER An enlargement means that there
are more gray matter cells. There is a cervical enlargement and a lumbar
enlargement. You need more cells here because these regions innervate the
limbs. Inflammation here can have a big impact because there is no extra space.
Internal anatomy of spinal cord/Gray matter - ANSWER The internal anatomy
of the spinal cord is not segmented. It consists of long columns. Cell bodies are
located centrally in grey matter, cell processes are located peripherally in white
matter. The dorsal horns contain the cell bodies of interneurons. The ventral
horns contain the cell bodies of lower motor neurons. These set the "tone" for
muscles. If they are cut, flaccid paralysis occurs (no muscle
tone/reflexes/movement). There is a lateral horn in T1-L2 and S1-S3. This is for
the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic).
White matter - ANSWER 1) long ascending sensory fibers going to
brainstem/thalamus/cerebellum. These are interneurons, and start in the gray
matter and ascend upwards through the white matter.
, 2) long descending fibers from upper motor neurons (brainstem/cerebrum) to
the ventral horns, to synapse with lower motor neurons. These inhibit the action
of LMN, and movement signal by brain = less inhibition by UMN.
3) propriospinal fibers (interneurons, connecting S.C. levels and sides)
Component of reflex arc - ANSWER Receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron,
motor neuron, target organ.
Location and contents of subarachnoid space - ANSWER The subarachnoid
space is between the arachnoid and the pia mater, and contains cerebrospinal
fluid and trebeculae connecting the two membranes.
The three meningeal layers - ANSWER The meninges of the spinal cord
consist of connective tissue that is there to support, protect, and suspend the
CNS. The dura is the tough outer layer that is attached to bone. The arachnoid is
thin spidery layer that is attached to the dura. There is a subarachnoid space
between the arachnoid and the pia, which is very thin and is attached to the
spinal cord.
Lumbar cistern - ANSWER The lumbar cistern starts where the spinal cord
ends at L2. The end of the cord is called the conus medullaris. There are nerves
in this area called cauda equina. The dura and arachnoid extend through the
lumbar cistern. This is a good place for an epidural/lumbar puncture because the
spinal cord won't be damaged.
Spinal nerves and bony vertebrae - ANSWER The vertebrae and spinal cords
line up at C1 and T1.
L1 (S.C.) - T11 (vertebra)
S1 (S.C.) - L1 (vertebra)
Denticulate ligaments and filum terminale - ANSWER The filum terminale is
made of pia and anchors the spinal cord. The denticulate ligaments anchor the
spinal cord laterally and are made of dura.
Five functional activities of the bony vertebral column - ANSWER Protect
spinal cord, help body stay erect, support for skull/ribs/upper limbs, muscle
attachment points, aids in locomotion.
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