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PHSL 1010 Exam 1 Questions And Answers 100% Pass

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PHSL 1010 Exam 1 Questions And Answers 100% Pass The law of mass balance states - answerif a substance is to remain constant any gain must be offset by an equal loss Law of Mass Balance Equation - answerexisting body load + intake or metabolic production (ex: food, liquid, air, through skin) =...

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  • November 12, 2024
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  • Exam (elaborations)
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  • PHSL 1010
  • PHSL 1010
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©THEBRIGHT EXAM SOLUTIONS

11/8/2024 12:08 PM


PHSL 1010 Exam 1 Questions And Answers
100% Pass


The law of mass balance states - answer✔if a substance is to remain constant any gain must be offset by
an equal loss

Law of Mass Balance Equation - answer✔existing body load + intake or metabolic production (ex: food,
liquid, air, through skin) = excretion or metabolic removal (through kidneys, liver, lungs, skin)

Concentrations of Na+, Cl-, K+ in ECF vs. ICF - answer✔Na+ high in ECF, low in ICF

Cl- high in ECF, low in ICF, but lower than Na+ for both

K+ low in ECF, high in ICF

Control systems - answer✔keep regulated variables within the normal range, near set point or optimal
value

What are the parts of a control system? - answer✔Input signal (Ex: fluid imbalance), integrating signal
(Ex: nervous/endocrine system), output signal, response (Ex: breather faster, hr increases)

What are the parts of a response loop? - answer✔Stimulus, sensor, input signal, integrating center,
output signal, target, response

Negative feedback vs. positive feedback loop - answer✔Negative feedback stabilizes a variable, positive
feedback reinforces stimuli

Steps of a negative feedback loop - answer✔Initial stimulus --> response --> decrease stimulus -->
response loop shuts off

Steps of a positive feedback loop - answer✔Initial stimulus --> response --> increased stimulus -->
positive feedback cycle increases the response



-an outside factor is required to shut off a positive feedback cycle

Example of Positive Feedback Loop - answer✔Contractions of the uterus during childbirth

, ©THEBRIGHT EXAM SOLUTIONS

11/8/2024 12:08 PM

cervical stretch --> stimulates oxytocin release --> causes uterine contractions --> pushes baby against
the cervix --> causes cervical stretch etc. until baby is delivered

Example of Negative Feedback Loop - answer✔Regulating blood sugar

What is the body's response to high blood glucose levels? - answer✔Insulin is released by beta cells,
liver cells bind to insulin --> converted to glycogen --> blood glucose levels decrease --> less insulin is
released

What is the body's response to low blood glucose levels? - answer✔Alpha cells release glucagon --> acts
on target cells in liver --> liver cells break glucagon down to glucose --> blood glucose levels increase -->
less glucagon is released

Type 1 vs. Type 2 Diabetes - answer✔Type 1: no insulin is produced, therefore insulin-dependent

Type 2: insulin is produced, but target cells don't take up glucose

Axes of a graph - answer✔x axis is independent variable (ex: time), y axis is dependent variable (varies)

Four primary tissue types - answer✔Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

Features of epithelial tissue - answer✔1. Usually covers a surface as a sheet of cells

2. Cells are applied closely to each other (little intracellular space

3. Cells are bound together by surface specializations

4. Rests on basal lamina (seals)

5. Always avascular: nutrition diffuses through basal lamina

Functions of epithelial tissue - answer✔1. Protection (internal + external)

2. Transport

3. Absorption

4. Secretion

5. Excretion

6. Sensory reception

7. Many involve epithelial specializations (sight, taste, smell)

Classification of Epithelial Tissue - answer✔1. Number of cell layers (simple= one layer, stratified =
multiple layers)

2. Shape of the cells (squamous = flat, cuboidal = square, columnar = rectangular)

Where are simple squamous cells found? - answer✔blood vessel, endothelium

, ©THEBRIGHT EXAM SOLUTIONS

11/8/2024 12:08 PM

Where are simple cuboidal cells found? - answer✔kidney tubules

Where are simple columnar cells found? - answer✔Small intestine

Where are pseudostratified columnar cells found? - answer✔Respiratory tract (have goblet cells which
secrete mucus)

pseudostratified columnar epithelium - answer✔Can tell they are still simple because all cells touch the
basal lamina

Where are stratified squamous cells found? - answer✔Vagina

Where are stratified cuboidal cells found? - answer✔Thin skin, sweat glands

Where are transitional cells found? - answer✔urinary tract and bladder (specialized for stretch)

What waterproofs the skin? - answer✔keratinous cells

Fluid Mosaic Model - answer✔3D arrangement of phospholipids and proteins within the cell membrane,
phospholipids arrange in bilayer with heads on the surface and this in the center, membrane is studded
with protein molecules and the ECF has glycoproteins and glycolipids.

-glycolipids respond to changed in the exterior

What are lipid rafts? - answer✔Lipid rafts are collections of phospholipid heads that serve as attachment
points for other biomolecules; these rafts often serve in signaling.

What is cholesterol's role in the lipid bilayer? - answer✔Gives the membrane fluidity and allows it to
change shape

What composes a phospholipid molecule? - answer✔1. Polar head

a. glycerol (in ALL lipids): polyalcohol, attaches to other molecules

b. Phosphate: highly polarized (hydrophobic)

c. Serine or coleine

2. Nonpolar tail: fatty acids

freeze fracture technique - answer✔Splits a membrane along the middle of a phospholipid bilayer at the
tails

Types of membrane proteins - answer✔1. integral proteins: membrane spanning, permanently
embedded with the PM

2. peripheral proteins: contain receptors or glycoproteins that only temporarily associate with the PM

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