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Psych Assessment Mock Exam Study Guide.
Christian Von Wolff - answer✔Had anticipated psychology as a
science and psychological measurement as a specialty within that science.
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural
Selection - answer✔- Argued that chance variation in species would be selected or rejected by nature
according
to adaptivity and survival value
- Genetic variations
Francis Galton - answer✔- Individual differences between people
- "according to their natural gifts
- Deviation
from an average
Francis Galton - answer✔Initial work on heredity was done with sweet peas, in part because there
tended to be fewer variations among the peas in a single pod. In this work, he was pioneered
the use of a statistica
Wundt - answer✔He was focused on questions relating to how people were similar
- He and his students tried to formulate a general description of human abilities
with respect to variables such as reaction time, perception, and attention span
James McKeen Cattell - answer✔- Completed a doctoral dissertation that dealt with individual
differences—specifically, individual differences
in reaction time
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- Mental test
Charles Spearman - answer✔He was credited with originating the concept of test reliability as well as
building the mathematical
framework for the statistical technique of factor analysis.
Witmer - answer✔Little-known founder of clinical psychology
Alfred Binet and Victor Henri - answer✔Memory and social comprehension
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon - answer✔30-item "measuring scale of intelligence"
designed to help identify mentally retarded Paris schoolchildren
David Wechsler - answer✔"the aggregate or global capacity of the individual
to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal
effectively with his environment"
Robert S. Woodworth - answer✔- He was assigned the task of developing a measure of adjustment and
emotional stability
that could be administered quickly and effi ciently to groups of recruits
- To disguise the true purpose of one such test, the questionnaire
was labeled as a "Personal Data Sheet."
Woodworth Psychoneurotic Inventory - answer✔After the war, Woodworth developed a personality
test for civilian use that was based on the Personal Data Sheet
Projective Test - answer✔- Onto some ambiguous stimulus his or
her own unique needs, fears, hopes, and motivation
- Stimulus might be
an inkblot, a drawing, a photograph, or something else.
TAT - answer✔In terms of what needs and motivations
the respondents may be projecting onto the ambiguous pictures
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Culture - answer✔"the socially transmitted behavior patterns, beliefs, and products of work of a
particular population, community, or group of people"
Henry H. Goddard - answer✔He used interpreters in test administration,
employed a bilingual psychologist, and administered mental tests to selected immigrants
who appeared mentally retarded to trained observers
- Feeble-Mindedness
Henry H. Goddard - answer✔He findings were due to "hereditary defect" or "apparent defect due to
deprivation" In reality, the findings were largely the result ofusing a translated Binet test that
overestimated mental deficiency in native English speaking populations, let alone immigrant populations
Culture-Specific Tests - answer✔- "isolate" the cultural variable
- Or tests designed for use with people
from one culture but not from another
Affirmative Action - answer✔- Refers to voluntary and mandatory efforts undertaken by federal, state,
and local governments, private employers, and schools to combat discrimination and to promote equal
opportunity in education
and employment for all
- Is by altering test scoring procedures according to
set guidelines.
Laws - answer✔are rules that individuals must obey for the good of the society as a whole—or rules
thought to be for the good of society as a whole
Ethics - answer✔Is a body of principles
of right, proper, or good conduct
Code of Professional Ethics - answer✔Recognized and accepted by members of a profession, it defines
the standard of care expected of members of that profession
Standards - answer✔A measurement specialist, proposed a number of standards for tests and guidelines
for test development.
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Litigation - answer✔Sometimes been referred to as "judge-made law
Privacy Right - answer✔Recognizes the freedom of the individual to pick and choose for himself the
time, circumstances, and particularly the extent to which he wishes to share or withhold from others his
attitudes, beliefs, behavior, and opinions
Privileged - answer✔It is information that is protected by law from disclosure in a legal proceeding
Privileged Information - answer✔Parties who communicate with each other in the context of certain
relationships,
including the lawyer-client relationship, the doctor-patient relationship, the priest-penitent relationship,
and the husband-wife relationship
Confidentiality - answer✔Concerns matters of communication outside the courtroom, privilege protects
clients
from disclosure in judicial proceedings"
Scales of Measurment - answer✔a set of numbers (or other symbols) whose properties model empirical
properties of the objects to which the numbers are assigned
- measurement always involves error
- error refers to the collective influences of all of the factors on a test score of measurement beyond
those specifically measured by the test
Types of scales - answer✔1. Continuous scales
2. Discrete Scales
3. Error
Measurement scales in Psychology - answer✔NOIR
N- nominal scales
O- ordinal scales
I- interval scales
R- ratio sclaes
Nominal Scales - answer✔Simplest form of measurement
