This exam test is written to expose managers in practice, experts, professionals and students to the reality of applying the concepts of cognitive psychology
cognitive psychology - - refers to all processes by which sensory input is transmitted,
reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used
innate knowledge - - belief that humans are born already possessing knowledge about
the world
- emphasized by Aristotle
- nature
tabula rasa - - blank slate; everything we know, think, feel, and all behaviors are learned
after birth
- emphasized by Plato
- nurture
structuralism - - Wilhelm Wundt
- the belief that consciousness can be broken into elements of sensation and perception
consciousness - - the awareness people have about outside world and their
perceptions, images, memories, and feelings
introspection - - Wilhelm Wundt and Structuralism
- subjective observation of one's own experience
- bad method
savings curve - - Herman Ebbinghaus
- shows that memory drops rapidly for the first 2 days after initial learning, then levels off
functionalism - - William James
- interest in how the mind adapts to function in an individuals environment
- James was heavily influenced by Darwin's origin of species
behaviorism - - John B. Watson
- believed that psychology should focus on only observable behaviors and their
reactions to stimuli in the environment
- also known as the S.R. approach
- heavily influenced by Pavlov
, operational definition - - B.F. Skinner
- precise definition that specifies exactly how a researcher will conceptualize and
measure a concept
gestalt psychology - - Wolfgang Kohler
- the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
- study perceptual illusions
Frederic Bartlett's research on memory - - disagreed with Ebbinghaus's use of
nonsense syllables and carefully controlled research settings - instead used meaningful
stories in research
- found that people make systematic errors when trying to recall
- argued that memory is an active and structured process
information processing - - mental processes are similar to that of a computer
- information progresses through the cognitive system in a series of stages, one step at
a time
sensory memory - - stores sensory information with reasonable accuracy
- first stop for information
- short duration (2 seconds)
- relatively large capacity
- two sections: iconic = visual information, echoic = auditory information
short-term memory - - small capacity
- 7 +/- 2 units of information
- short duration
- approximately 30 seconds without rehearsal
- actively transform and manipulate information
long-term memory - - unlimited capacity and duration
Freud's unconscious - - part of the psychoanalytic theory
- processes that operate outside of the conscious awareness and drive motivation
cognitive neuroscience - - goal is to match brain structures with specific cognitive tasks
- first person in field: Paul Baroka (Baroka's area = speech production)
artificial intelligence - - attempts to generate computer models that stimulate cognitive
processes
computer stimulation - - attempts to take human limitations into account
- must show same number and type of errors as humans
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