MSU HNF 150 final exam study guide-ekstrom
What is the role of glucose in the body’s energy production?
Glucose is the primary energy source for cells, particularly for the brain and muscles, and is converted
into ATP (energy) through cellular respiration. ✔️✔️
What are the benefits of eating a variety of colored fruits and vegetables?
A variety of colored fruits and vegetables provides a wide range of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants,
which support immune function and reduce the risk of chronic diseases. ✔️✔️
How does the body regulate temperature during physical activity?
The body regulates temperature through sweating to cool down and constricting blood vessels to
preserve heat when necessary, ensuring optimal function during exercise. ✔️✔️
What is the difference between simple and complex carbohydrates?
Simple carbohydrates are quickly digested and cause rapid spikes in blood sugar, while complex
carbohydrates take longer to break down and provide sustained energy. ✔️✔️
How do antioxidants protect against free radical damage?
Antioxidants neutralize free radicals, unstable molecules that can damage cells, proteins, and DNA,
potentially reducing the risk of chronic diseases like cancer and heart disease. ✔️✔️
Why is it important to maintain a healthy gut microbiome?
A healthy gut microbiome supports digestion, enhances immune function, aids in nutrient absorption,
and may help reduce the risk of digestive disorders and chronic diseases. ✔️✔️
What is the role of the liver in metabolism?
The liver processes nutrients absorbed from the digestive tract, detoxifies harmful substances, stores
energy as glycogen, and regulates fat and protein metabolism. ✔️✔️
,How do omega-3 fatty acids contribute to heart health?
Omega-3 fatty acids help reduce inflammation, lower triglyceride levels, improve blood vessel function,
and decrease the risk of heart disease and stroke. ✔️✔️
What are the risks of excessive sugar consumption on health?
Excessive sugar intake can lead to weight gain, insulin resistance, higher blood pressure, increased
triglyceride levels, and a greater risk of type 2 diabetes and heart disease. ✔️✔️
How do vitamins support immune function?
Vitamins like vitamin C, vitamin D, and vitamin A support immune function by enhancing the production
of immune cells and protecting the body from infections. ✔️✔️
What is the role of the kidneys in maintaining fluid balance?
The kidneys filter waste and excess fluids from the blood, regulate electrolyte balance, and ensure
proper hydration by adjusting urine output. ✔️✔️
How does caffeine affect hydration levels?
Caffeine acts as a diuretic, increasing urine production, which can lead to dehydration if not balanced
with adequate fluid intake. ✔️✔️
What is the function of bile in digestion?
Bile, produced by the liver, aids in the digestion and absorption of fats by emulsifying large fat molecules
into smaller droplets for easier digestion by enzymes. ✔️✔️
How does physical activity influence muscle protein breakdown and synthesis?
Exercise causes muscle protein breakdown, but with proper nutrition and recovery, it stimulates muscle
protein synthesis, leading to muscle repair and growth. ✔️✔️
What is the importance of fiber in maintaining a healthy digestive system?
, Fiber promotes regular bowel movements, helps prevent constipation, supports gut health by feeding
beneficial bacteria, and may reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. ✔️✔️
How does the body regulate blood sugar levels after a meal?
After eating, the pancreas releases insulin, which helps cells absorb glucose from the bloodstream,
lowering blood sugar levels and storing excess glucose as glycogen. ✔️✔️
What is the difference between complete and incomplete proteins?
Complete proteins contain all nine essential amino acids, typically found in animal-based foods, while
incomplete proteins lack one or more essential amino acids, mostly found in plant-based foods. ✔️✔️
Why is vitamin D essential for bone health?
Vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium from the intestines, which is crucial for maintaining strong
bones and preventing conditions like osteoporosis and rickets. ✔️✔️
What is the role of magnesium in the body?
Magnesium supports muscle function, bone health, energy production, nerve function, and regulates
blood sugar levels, and plays a key role in over 300 enzyme reactions. ✔️✔️
How does the body store and release energy from fat?
Excess energy from food is stored as fat in adipose tissue. When needed, the body breaks down stored
fat into fatty acids and glycerol, which are used for energy. ✔️✔️
Why is protein important for muscle repair and growth?
Protein provides amino acids that are essential for repairing damaged muscle fibers and promoting
muscle growth after exercise or injury. ✔️✔️
How does alcohol impact metabolism and nutrient absorption?
Alcohol interferes with nutrient absorption in the digestive tract and disrupts liver function, impairing
the metabolism of vitamins and minerals, especially fat-soluble vitamins. ✔️✔️
What is the role of glucose in the body’s energy production?
Glucose is the primary energy source for cells, particularly for the brain and muscles, and is converted
into ATP (energy) through cellular respiration. ✔️✔️
What are the benefits of eating a variety of colored fruits and vegetables?
A variety of colored fruits and vegetables provides a wide range of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants,
which support immune function and reduce the risk of chronic diseases. ✔️✔️
How does the body regulate temperature during physical activity?
The body regulates temperature through sweating to cool down and constricting blood vessels to
preserve heat when necessary, ensuring optimal function during exercise. ✔️✔️
What is the difference between simple and complex carbohydrates?
Simple carbohydrates are quickly digested and cause rapid spikes in blood sugar, while complex
carbohydrates take longer to break down and provide sustained energy. ✔️✔️
How do antioxidants protect against free radical damage?
Antioxidants neutralize free radicals, unstable molecules that can damage cells, proteins, and DNA,
potentially reducing the risk of chronic diseases like cancer and heart disease. ✔️✔️
Why is it important to maintain a healthy gut microbiome?
A healthy gut microbiome supports digestion, enhances immune function, aids in nutrient absorption,
and may help reduce the risk of digestive disorders and chronic diseases. ✔️✔️
What is the role of the liver in metabolism?
The liver processes nutrients absorbed from the digestive tract, detoxifies harmful substances, stores
energy as glycogen, and regulates fat and protein metabolism. ✔️✔️
,How do omega-3 fatty acids contribute to heart health?
Omega-3 fatty acids help reduce inflammation, lower triglyceride levels, improve blood vessel function,
and decrease the risk of heart disease and stroke. ✔️✔️
What are the risks of excessive sugar consumption on health?
Excessive sugar intake can lead to weight gain, insulin resistance, higher blood pressure, increased
triglyceride levels, and a greater risk of type 2 diabetes and heart disease. ✔️✔️
How do vitamins support immune function?
Vitamins like vitamin C, vitamin D, and vitamin A support immune function by enhancing the production
of immune cells and protecting the body from infections. ✔️✔️
What is the role of the kidneys in maintaining fluid balance?
The kidneys filter waste and excess fluids from the blood, regulate electrolyte balance, and ensure
proper hydration by adjusting urine output. ✔️✔️
How does caffeine affect hydration levels?
Caffeine acts as a diuretic, increasing urine production, which can lead to dehydration if not balanced
with adequate fluid intake. ✔️✔️
What is the function of bile in digestion?
Bile, produced by the liver, aids in the digestion and absorption of fats by emulsifying large fat molecules
into smaller droplets for easier digestion by enzymes. ✔️✔️
How does physical activity influence muscle protein breakdown and synthesis?
Exercise causes muscle protein breakdown, but with proper nutrition and recovery, it stimulates muscle
protein synthesis, leading to muscle repair and growth. ✔️✔️
What is the importance of fiber in maintaining a healthy digestive system?
, Fiber promotes regular bowel movements, helps prevent constipation, supports gut health by feeding
beneficial bacteria, and may reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. ✔️✔️
How does the body regulate blood sugar levels after a meal?
After eating, the pancreas releases insulin, which helps cells absorb glucose from the bloodstream,
lowering blood sugar levels and storing excess glucose as glycogen. ✔️✔️
What is the difference between complete and incomplete proteins?
Complete proteins contain all nine essential amino acids, typically found in animal-based foods, while
incomplete proteins lack one or more essential amino acids, mostly found in plant-based foods. ✔️✔️
Why is vitamin D essential for bone health?
Vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium from the intestines, which is crucial for maintaining strong
bones and preventing conditions like osteoporosis and rickets. ✔️✔️
What is the role of magnesium in the body?
Magnesium supports muscle function, bone health, energy production, nerve function, and regulates
blood sugar levels, and plays a key role in over 300 enzyme reactions. ✔️✔️
How does the body store and release energy from fat?
Excess energy from food is stored as fat in adipose tissue. When needed, the body breaks down stored
fat into fatty acids and glycerol, which are used for energy. ✔️✔️
Why is protein important for muscle repair and growth?
Protein provides amino acids that are essential for repairing damaged muscle fibers and promoting
muscle growth after exercise or injury. ✔️✔️
How does alcohol impact metabolism and nutrient absorption?
Alcohol interferes with nutrient absorption in the digestive tract and disrupts liver function, impairing
the metabolism of vitamins and minerals, especially fat-soluble vitamins. ✔️✔️
