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PENN FOSTER VET PHAMAOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS| ACCURATE REAL EXAM WITH FREQUENTLY TESTED QUESTIONS AND RATIONALE|ALREADY A GRADED|GUARANTEED PASS|LATEST UPDATE 2024/2025$24.49
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PENN FOSTER VET PHAMAOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS| ACCURATE REAL EXAM WITH FREQUENTLY TESTED QUESTIONS AND RATIONALE|ALREADY A GRADED|GUARANTEED PASS|LATEST UPDATE 2024/2025
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PENN FOSTER VET PHAMAOLOGY
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PENN FOSTER VET PHAMAOLOGY
PENN FOSTER VET PHAMAOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS| ACCURATE REAL EXAM WITH
FREQUENTLY TESTED QUESTIONS AND
RATIONALE|ALREADY A GRADED|GUARANTEED
PASS|LATEST UPDATE 2024/2025PENN FOSTER VET PHAMAOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS| ACCURATE REAL EXAM WITH
FREQUENTLY TEST...
PENN FOSTER VET PHAMAOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS| ACCURATE REAL EXAM WITH
FREQUENTLY TESTED QUESTIONS AND
RATIONALE|ALREADY A GRADED|GUARANTEED
PASS|LATEST UPDATE 2024/2025.
What is an enzyme? - CORRECT ANSWER Catalysts that increase the speed of a chemical
reaction without undergoing any permanent chemical change
What is the process of photosynthesis? - CORRECT ANSWER -The process in which the Sun's
energy is converted into chemical energy (occurs in chloroplasts).
-Carbon dioxide and water are added
-Sugar and oxygen are produced
What is cellular respiration? - CORRECT ANSWER Cellular respiration is the process that
releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen.
What is the cellular respiration equation? - CORRECT ANSWER 6O2 + C6H12O6 -> 6CO2 +
6H2O + Energy
What is glycolysis? - CORRECT ANSWER "splitting sugars." yields two molecules of ATP.
What is Krebs cycle? - CORRECT ANSWER This term refers to a series of chemical reactions
that involve the complete oxidation of acetyl CoA and produce 2 mol of ATP (energy) along
with hydrogen and carbon, which combine with oxygen to form (H2O) and (CO2).
What is the electron transport chain? - CORRECT ANSWER Is a sequence of electron carrier
molecules that shuttle electrons,
down a series of reactions that release energy; used to make ATP.
What is cellular reproduction? - CORRECT ANSWER Process by which cells divide to form
new cells
Growth phase- cell duplicates its contents and DNA
Cell Division- the cytoplasm and DNA of a parent cell are distribute to 2 daughter cells
How many chromosomes do humans have? - CORRECT ANSWER 46 (23 pairs)
What is nondisjunction and when does it occur? - CORRECT ANSWER Nondisjunction occurs
when chromosomes do not separate properly during cell division. This can form a gamete with
an extra chromosome or one missing part or all of a chromosome (aka monosomy or trisomy).
OCCURS DURING ANAPHASE 1 & 2
,What is the law of dominance? - CORRECT ANSWER Mendel's 2nd law of inheritance - one
gene usually expresses itself over the other (one gene is dominant over the other)
What is the law of segregation? - CORRECT ANSWER during the production of gametes the
two copies of each hereditary factor segregate so that offspring acquire one factor from each
parent
What is the law of independent assortment? - CORRECT ANSWER Genes for different traits
are inherited independently of each other
What is DNA biotechnology and what are some issues? - CORRECT ANSWER Use of natural
biological systems to create a product or achieve some other end desired by humans
Issues:
-People feel it goes against the laws of nature
-People worry about the safety of it
How can lack of genetic control lead to cancer? - CORRECT ANSWER When someone has
inherited an abnormal copy of a gene, their cells already start out with one mutation. This makes
it easier for enough mutations to build up for a cell to become cancer
S phase (synthesis) - CORRECT ANSWER DNA is replicated
G2 phase - CORRECT ANSWER cell produces proteins necessary for mitosis and then prepares
to divide
What are the stages of mitosis? - CORRECT ANSWER prophase= chromosomes become
visible as paired chromatids and the nuclear enveloped disappears
metaphase= the chromosomes are aligned at the spindle equator midway between the spindle
poles
anaphase= sister chromatids separate and become daughter chromosomes- each pole receives a
set of daughter chromosomes
telophase= spindle disappears as new nuclear envelopes form around the daughter chromosomes-
each nucleus contains the same number and kinds of chromosomes the original parent nucleus
Describe the purpose of the cell cycle control system - CORRECT ANSWER Series of
checkpoints to make sure that everything is proceeding properly. Checkpoints delay development
from one phase off the cycle to the next until everything that should happen in a particular phase
has happened
,Explain the phases of the cell cycle control system: - CORRECT ANSWER G1= cell can enter
GO or under apoptosis if DNA is damaged beyond repair. If the cell cycle passes his checkpoint,
the cell is committed to complete the cycle
G2= the cell checks to make sure DNA has been replicated properly
M Checkpoint= cell makes sure the chromosomes are properly aligned and ready to be
partitioned to the daughter cells
What is apoptosis? - CORRECT ANSWER Programmed chemical process that causes a cell to
self-destruct
Serves the purpose of keeping the number of cells in the body roughly constant and removing
cells with damaged DNA
Explain the basics of mitosis - CORRECT ANSWER Type of cell division in which one cell(the
mother) divides to produce 2 new cells(the daughters) that are genetically identical to itself
Somatic cells aids in the growth and development of an organism as well as in the replacement
of old and injured cells
- results in 2 daughter cells that are genetically identical
Explain the basics of meiosis - CORRECT ANSWER Type of cell division in which the number
of chromosome is reduced in half from the diploid number (2n) to a haploid number (n). The
result is 4 gametes: eggs in females and sperm in males
Reproductive cells produces gametes for sexual reproduction
- The gametes contain half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
What are the stages of meiosis I? - CORRECT ANSWER Interphase: DNA in the cell is copied
resulting in 2 identical full sets of chromosomes
Prophase 1: the copied chromosomes condense into x shaped structure- each chromosome is
composed of 2 sister chromatids
Metaphase 1: chromosome pairs line up next to each other along the center of the cell
Anaphase 1: pair of chromosomes are pulled apart, pull one chromosome to each pole
Telophase 1: chromosomes complete their move to opposite poles of the cell- 2 nuclei form
What are the stages of meiosis II? - CORRECT ANSWER Prophase II: 2 daughter cells, each
with 23 chromosomes
- membrane around the nucleus in each daughter cell dissolves away releasing chromosomes
Metaphase II: 2 daughter cells in chromosomes line up end-to-end along the equator of the cell
Anaphase II: Sister chromatids are then pulled to opposite poles due to the action of the meiotic
spindle- separated chromatids are now individual chromosomes
Telophase II: Chromosomes complete their move to the opposite poles of the cell
- Membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to create 2 new cell nuclei
, What is the structure and function of DNA? - CORRECT ANSWER Long chain of repeating
units called nucleotide that consist of 2 strands that spiral around each other in a structure called
double helix
Each contains a 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and one of found nitrogen bases adenine(A),
guanine(G), Cytosine(C), thymine(T)
Function is to store all the genetic information that an organism needs to develop, function and
reproduce
What is a purine? - CORRECT ANSWER Adenine and Guanine
What is a pyrimidine? - CORRECT ANSWER thymine and cytosine
What is the structure and function of RNA? - CORRECT ANSWER A single-stranded molecule
that consists of nucleotides arranged in a long chain
Contains a 4-carbon sugar called ribose, phosphate groups and 4 nitrogen-containing bases-
Adenine(A), Guanine(G), Cytosine(C), uracil(U)
Functions to convert the information stored in DNA into proteins
What is messenger RNA (mRNA)? - CORRECT ANSWER Carries information coding for
protein synthesis from DNA to the ribosomes of the cell
What is transfer RNA (tRNA)? - CORRECT ANSWER Caries the required amino acids from
the cytoplasm to the ribosome for protein synthesis. Helps to arrange the amino acids into the
proper sequence for the synthesis of proteins
What is ribosomal RNA (rRNA)? - CORRECT ANSWER RNA that becomes part of ribosomes
(the main component of ribosomes) and catalyzes the bonding of amino acids
What is a prokaryotic cell and what is the structure? - CORRECT ANSWER No true nucleas as
the DNA is coiled up in the region of the cytoplasm called the nucleotide
Capsule: outer covering that protects the cell
Cell Wall: Outer covering that protects the bacterial cell and gives it shape
Cytoplasm: Gel-like substance composed of mainly of water
Plasma Membrane: Surrounds the cell's cytoplasm and regulates the flow of substances in and
out of the cell
Flagella: Long whip-like protrusion that aids in cellular locomotion
Ribosomes: Responsible for protein production
Plasmids: gene carrying
Nucleoid Region: area of the cytoplasm that contains the single bacterial DNA molecules
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