Ace your neurobiology exam with this A+ level practice exam, crafted to help you master challenging concepts and exam formats. This document includes 150+ exam-style questions covering essential topics like neural communication, synaptic plasticity, brain anatomy, sensory and motor systems, and adv...
Chapter 13:
1. Which of the following is striated muscle? Choose the correct option.
A) Cardiac and skeletal muscle
B) Only skeletal muscle
C) Only cardiac muscle
D) Smooth muscle
2. Which of the following is a flexor of the elbow joint? Choose the correct option.
A) Triceps brachii and brachialis
B) Anconeus
C) Triceps brachii
D) Brachialis
3. Which muscles are specialized for the movement of the trunk? Choose the correct option.
A) Distal muscles
B) Proximal muscles
C) Smooth muscles
D) Axial muscles
4. Why are lower motor neurons called the “final common pathway” for behavior control?
Choose the correct option.
A) They directly command muscle contraction.
B) They are the input of the motor system.
C) They integrate sensory and motor information.
D) They constitute the largest of the four main output pathways of the motor system.
5. Which muscles are innervated by the motor neurons, situated in the cervical enlargement of
the spinal cord? Choose the correct option.
A) Arm muscles
B) Thoracic muscles
C) Leg muscles
D) Neck muscles
6. What is sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)? Choose the correct option.
A) Excitable cell membrane that encloses the muscle fiber
B) Extensive intracellular sac containing calcium ions
C) System of tubules that bring the action potential deep inside the muscle fiber
D) Voltage-sensitive channels
7. Which is the first step in the contraction phase of the excitation–contraction coupling? Choose
the correct option.
, A) Action potential occurs at the neuromuscular junction.
B) Ca2+ binds to troponin.
C) Nicotinic receptor channels in the sarcolemma open.
D) Myosin heads pivot.
8. Why does neuromuscular transmission fail in myasthenia gravis? Choose the correct option.
A) Antibodies interfere with the synthesis of acetylcholine.
B) Antibodies interfere with the function of nicotinic ACh receptors at the
neuromuscular junction.
C) Antibodies interfere with the amount of acetylcholine esterase at the neuromuscular
junction.
D) Antibodies interfere with the release of synaptic vesicles at the neuromuscular junction.
9. What type of motor neurons ensures that the spindle continues to provide information about
muscle length during muscle contraction? Choose the correct option.
A) Upper motor neurons
B) Spinal interneurons
C) Gamma motor neurons
D) Alpha motor neurons
10. Which reflex prevents you from falling when you suddenly lift one foot off the ground in
response to pain? Choose the correct option.
A) Stretch reflex
B) Ib reflex arc
C) Knee-jerk reflex
D) Crossed-extensor reflex
11. What happens to the sarcolemma in the relaxation phase of the excitation–contraction
coupling? Choose the correct option.
A) The sarcolemma returns to resting potential.
B) The sarcolemma depolarizes.
C) Channels in sarcolemma open
D) An action potential sweeps down.
12. Which of the following describes the function and location of Golgi tendon organs?
Choose the correct answer.
A) Monitor muscle length, situated in series with muscle fibers
B) Monitor muscle length, situated in parallel with muscle fibers
C) Monitor muscle tension, situated in series with muscle fibers
D) Monitor muscle tension, situated in parallel with muscle fibers
13. What is reciprocal inhibition? Choose the correct option.
A) The contraction of one set of muscles is accompanied by the contraction of the
same muscles on the opposite side of the body.
B) The contraction of one set of muscles is accompanied by the relaxation of the
, antagonist muscles.
C) Spinal interneurons have recurrent collaterals enabling them to synapse on
themselves, thereby turning off their own inhibition.
D) Spinal interneurons integrate inhibitor input from both sides of the body.
14. What are central pattern generators? Choose the correct option.
A) Motor programs established in upper motor neurons to control walking
B) The motor units for a given muscle
C) Spinal circuits that give rise to rhythmic motor activity
D) An artifact of spinal circuitry
15. An alpha motor neuron and all the muscle fibers innervated by it make up the
elementary component of motor control called the motor unit. True or false?
A) True
B) False
16. Grillner and his colleagues showed that the activation of NMDA receptors on spinal
interneurons is sufficient to generate alternating rhythmic activity in the lamprey spinal
cord. True or false?
A) True
B) False
17. Dorsal root ganglion cells are the largest source of input to alpha motor neurons. True or
false?
A) True
B) False
Chapter: 14
1. In the hierarchy of motor control, which of the following is a function at the lowest level
of control? Choose the correct option.
A) Activation of motor neurons that generate goal-directed movement
B) Sequences of muscle contraction to accurately achieve the goal
C) The goal of movement and the best method to achieve this goal
D) Memory of sensory information from the past movements
2. What is the function of lateral pathways with regard to the descending motor pathways?
Choose the correct option.
A) Control the posture and locomotion
B) Control the voluntary movement of distal musculature
C) Control the sensory modification of motor control
D) Control balance of head and shoulders
3. Which cortical area is referred to as the primary motor cortex? Choose the correct option.
A) Area 8
B) Area 5
C) Area 6
D) Area 4
4. Which of the following is true about how M1 commands voluntary movement? Choose
the correct option.
A) The motor cortex is active only for complex voluntary movements.
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