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Turning Data into Information Using ArcGIS 10 Exam Questions and Answers
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Turning Data into Information Using ArcGIS 10 Exam Questions and Answers
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Turning Data into Information UsingArcGIS 10 Exam Questions and Answers
What is the fundamental problem with representing geographic data? - Answers -The
world is infinitely complex, so any digital representation of geographic phenomena is
inherently incomplete.
Name the six types of spatial analysis. - Answers -Six types of spatial analysis are
queries and reasoning, measurements, transformations, descriptive summaries,
optimization, and hypothesis testing.
Describe uncertainty associated with the raster data model. - Answers -In the raster
data model, spatial objects are defined as a set of contiguous cells with the same value.
Because an individual cell may store only one value, but in reality there may be a mix of
values in the area represented by the cell, the raster data model can distort the shape of
spatial objects.
discrete object view - Answers -A way of representing geography in which the world is
represented as objects with well defined boundaries in empty space. In the discrete
object view, geographic objects have dimensionality and can be counted.
ecological fallacy - Answers -The assumption that an overall characteristic of a zone is
also a characteristic of any location or individual within the zone.
field view - Answers -A way of representing geography in which the world is represented
as a continuous surface made up of a finite number of variables, each one defined at
every possible position. Fields can be distinguished by what varies and how smoothly.
Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP) - Answers -A problem in spatial analysis that
occurs when artificial units of reporting, such as administrative or political boundaries,
are superimposed on continuous phenomena, resulting in the creation of artificial spatial
patterns.
raster - Answers -1. A spatial data model that defines space as an array of equally sized
cells arranged in rows and columns, and composed of single or multiple bands. Each
cell contains an attribute value and location coordinates. Unlike a vector structure,
which stores coordinates explicitly, raster coordinates are contained in the ordering of
the matrix. Groups of cells that share the same value represent the same type of
geographic feature.
, 2. In ArcGIS, an in-memory representation of a raster dataset. A raster may exist in
memory as a subset of a raster dataset; it may have a different cell size than the raster
dataset; or it may exist using a different transformation than the raster dataset.
spatial analysis - Answers -The study of the locations and shapes of geographic
features and the relationships between them. Spatial analysis is useful when evaluating
suitability, when making predictions, and for gaining a better understanding of how
geographic features and phenomena are located and distributed.
spatial autocorrelation - Answers -A statistical measure that describes the extent to
which the value of an attribute at geographically referenced points changes as a
function of the distance and orientation between them.
spatial interpolation - Answers -The estimation of surface values at unsampled points
based on known surface values of surrounding points. Spatial interpolation can be used
to estimate elevation, rainfall, temperature, chemical dispersion, or other spatially-based
phenomena. Spatial interpolation is commonly a raster operation, but it can also be
done in a vector environment using a TIN surface model. There are several well-known
interpolation techniques, including inverse distance weighted and kriging.
vector - Answers -1. A coordinate-based data model that represents geographic
features as points, lines, and polygons. Each point feature is represented as a single
coordinate pair, while line and polygon features are represented as ordered lists of
vertices. Attributes are associated with each vector feature, as opposed to a raster data
model, which associates attributes with grid cells.
2. Any quantity that has both magnitude and direction.
lattice - Answers -A representation of a surface using an array of regularly spaced
sample points (mesh points) that are referenced to a common origin and have a
constant sampling distance in the x and y directions. Each mesh point contains the z-
value at that location, which is referenced to a common base z-value, such as sea level.
Z-values for locations between lattice mesh points can be approximated by interpolation
based on neighboring mesh points.
What are the six advantages that GIS maps have over paper maps? - Answers -The six
advantages of GIS maps over paper maps are variable scale, variable extent,
animation, 3-D, supplementation, and customization.
Name the four basic classification schemes available in ArcGIS. - Answers -Four basic
classification schemes are natural breaks, quantile breaks, equal interval breaks, and
standard deviation breaks.
Describe the three principle purposes of scientific visualization. - Answers -The three
principle purposes of visualization are interpretation, validation, and exploration.
Interpretation enables the user to understand the message of the spatial and attribute
data of a representation in an intelligible manner. Validation enables the user to
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