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OAT- Biology Exam With Complete Verified Answers
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OAT- Biology Exam With Complete Verified AnswersIngestion - ANSWER Acquisition of food
Assimilation - ANSWER Building of new tissues from digested food
Monosaccharide - ANSWER single sugar subunit
- carb
Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharide - ANSWER 2 monosaccharides
- carb
Ex: sucrose, lactose
Polysaccharide - ANSWER Polymer of sugar subunits
-carb
- insoluble in water
- Ex: glycogen, cellulose, starch
Lipids - ANSWER 3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol
- chief means of food storage
-Major component of adipose tissue
-Steroids, waxes, carotenoids, poryphyrins
Proteins - ANSWER Polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
-Hormones ACTH & Insulin, enzymes, structure proteins collagen, transport
hemoglobin, antibodies
Enzymes - ANSWER ↓ activation E and ↑ rate of rxn
- do NOT affect overall E
-↑ temp : ↑ enzyme action/ optimal pH= 7.2 except pepsin and pancreas
,Competitive Inhibitors enyzmes - ANSWER Compete with substrate for binding at
ACTIVE site
- can be overcome by adding more substrate
-Vmax not affected
Noncompetitive Inhibitors (enzymes) - ANSWER bind at allosteric site
- diminishes Vmax
Prokaryotes - ANSWER Bacteria
-Contains ribosomes, nucleic acids, plasma membrane, nucleoid, cell wall
-Lack nucleus, membrane-bound organelles,
Eukaryotes - ANSWER Cell wall in fungi and plants
- Nucleus, and membrane bound organelles
Centrioles - ANSWER microtubules involved in spindle organization during cell division
-NO membrane
-plants lack centrioles
Centromere - ANSWER Near middle of eukaryotic chromosomes where spindle fibers
attach
Lysosome - ANSWER Membrane bound
-Involved in ingestion
-Hydrolytic enzymes
-can "commit suicide"
During the activation process, the inactive precursors of hydrolytic enzymes can
,interact with already active enzymes, resulting in the cleavage of the precursor and
activation of the enzyme. If this process is not adequately controlled, all copies of the
enzyme may "commit suicide" by becoming active, thereby digesting themselves.
Mitochondria - ANSWER - produce energy (oxidative phosphorylation → ATP)
-self-reproducing organelles
-have DNA in circular plasmids
Desmosomes - ANSWER "Spot welds"
-join cells and provide cells with mechanical strength
-Ex: skin
Tight junctions - ANSWER seal the gaps between cells and block cell leakage
Ex: intestinal cells
Nucleus - ANSWER "information center"
-Contain chromosomes, DNA and RNA
-separated by double membrane nuclear envelope
Nucleolus - ANSWER Within the nucleus
-ribosome synthesis occurs
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - ANSWER Transport network for molecules targeted for
certain modifications and specific destinations
Rough ER - ANSWER Has ribosomes on its surface
-secretes proteins into cytoplasm
Smooth ER - ANSWER Lacks ribosomes
-plays a role in Calcium sequestration and release
Ribosomes - ANSWER -RNA and protein molecules
-Can be found floating freely or bound to a membrane
, Vacuoles - ANSWER Store food and waste
-Plant vacuoles usually bigger than animal vacuoles
Gap Junction - ANSWER Allows cells to exchange nutrients and for molecular
communication
Endosymbiotic Theory - ANSWER Mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as
independent unicellular organisms living in symbiosis with larger cells
Fluid Mosaic Model - ANSWER Lipids and proteins are free to move back and forth fluidly
-diffuse laterally
-Integral proteins: embedded in membrane by hydrophobic interactions - hard to
remove
-Peripheral proteins: bound to integral membrane proteins by H-bonding or electrostatic
interactions - easily removed
Cell surface receptors - ANSWER Type of integral membrane protein
-3 types
1. Ligand-gated (open ion channel)
2. Catalytic
3. G-protein
G-protein - ANSWER Uses secondary messengers that amplify the signal
Ex: cAMP
S phase - ANSWER replicate genome (making chromatids)
G₁ and G₂ Phases - ANSWER Gap phases
Mitosis - ANSWER 2N→2N
Occurs in all dividing cells
10% of cell cycle
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