AP Human Geography - Unit 2 GRADED A+
A homeless person living in a small town would be __ to be counted in the US census then a homeless
person living in a large city.
a. equal ( neither more nor less) likely
b. nearly as likely
c.less likely
d.more likely ✔️✔️d
What is the **difference between natural increase rate (NIR)** and **net migration**?
✔️✔️ The natural increase rate (NIR) is the difference between birth and death rates, showing how
quickly a population is growing due to natural causes without considering migration. Net migration, on
the other hand, measures the difference between immigration and emigration, indicating population
changes due to people moving in and out of a region.
Explain the **concept of a population pyramid** and what it reveals about a country.
✔️✔️ A population pyramid is a graphical representation of the age and gender distribution of a
population. The shape of the pyramid reveals important details about a country’s demographic
structure, such as birth and death rates, life expectancy, and potential future population growth or
decline. For instance, a wide base suggests a high birth rate, while a narrow base may indicate low birth
rates.
What are **age cohorts**, and why are they important in demographic studies?
✔️✔️ Age cohorts are groups of individuals of similar ages within a population, often grouped in 5-
year intervals. These cohorts are essential in demographic studies to analyze and predict trends, such as
workforce availability, dependency ratios, and healthcare needs.
Describe **infant mortality rate** and its implications for a country’s development level.
✔️✔️ Infant mortality rate (IMR) is the number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000
live births in a year. A high IMR often reflects poor access to healthcare, malnutrition, and unsanitary
conditions, indicating lower levels of development, whereas a low IMR suggests better healthcare and a
higher development level.
,What is **life expectancy** and how does it vary between developed and developing countries?
✔️✔️ Life expectancy is the average number of years a person is expected to live based on current
mortality rates. In developed countries, life expectancy tends to be higher due to better healthcare,
nutrition, and living conditions, while developing countries often have lower life expectancy due to
limited resources and healthcare infrastructure.
How does **urban sprawl** affect agricultural land and the environment?
✔️✔️ Urban sprawl, the spread of urban development into rural areas, often reduces the availability
of agricultural land, disrupts local ecosystems, increases pollution, and places strain on infrastructure.
This spread can lead to a loss of arable land, threatening food production and impacting the
environment.
What is **physiological density**, and why is it a better indicator of resource pressure than arithmetic
density?
✔️✔️ Physiological density is the number of people per unit of arable land. It is a better measure of
resource pressure than arithmetic density, which considers total land area, because it specifically
reflects the stress on land that can support food production, highlighting potential challenges in meeting
the food needs of a population.
Define **overpopulation** and give an example of a situation where it might occur.
✔️✔️ Overpopulation occurs when the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the
environment to support life sustainably, leading to resource scarcity and poor living conditions. An
example is a densely populated urban area with limited water, housing, and sanitation resources, such
as parts of Mumbai, India.
Discuss the impact of **elderly dependency ratio** on a country’s economy.
✔️✔️ The elderly dependency ratio measures the number of elderly people dependent on the
working-age population. A high elderly dependency ratio can strain a country’s economy, increasing
costs for pensions, healthcare, and social services while reducing the labor force, potentially slowing
economic growth.
What are **pro-natalist and anti-natalist policies**? Provide an example of each.
,✔️✔️ Pro-natalist policies encourage higher birth rates, often through incentives like tax breaks or
parental leave, as seen in France. Anti-natalist policies aim to reduce birth rates, typically through family
planning programs or restrictions, such as China’s former one-child policy.
Explain the concept of **brain drain** and its effects on origin countries.
✔️✔️ Brain drain is the emigration of highly skilled individuals from one country to another, often in
search of better opportunities. This can lead to a shortage of skilled workers in the origin country,
slowing development and causing economic challenges, particularly in healthcare, education, and
technology sectors.
Describe the **difference between voluntary and involuntary migration**.
✔️✔️ Voluntary migration is when individuals choose to move, often for better economic
opportunities or lifestyle, such as moving from rural to urban areas. Involuntary migration, or forced
migration, occurs due to external pressures, such as natural disasters, war, or persecution, where people
have little to no choice but to leave.
What is **zero population growth (ZPG)**, and how does it impact a society?
✔️✔️ Zero population growth (ZPG) occurs when the birth rate equals the death rate, leading to a
stable population. ZPG can help maintain resource balance, but it may also create challenges, such as an
aging population with fewer young people to support the economy and social services.
Define **replacement-level fertility** and its importance for population stability.
✔️✔️ Replacement-level fertility is the average number of children a woman must have to "replace"
the population, often estimated at 2.1 children per woman. This rate ensures a stable population
without growth or decline, helping maintain a balanced age structure essential for economic stability
and social support systems.
the earth area of permanent human settlement is called
a. geophenom
b.ecumene
c. civilized world
d.hot zone
e. subpolar region ✔️✔️b
, he countries depicted as smaller, for more limited in size, on the population cartogram have
a. lower populations.
b. lower populations and less land area.
c. lower levels of wealth and higher populations.
d. higher levels of wealth and higher populations.
e. lower technological proficiency in cartography and geospatial reasoning. ✔️✔️a
The world's annual _____ is currently approximately 1.2%, at which rate the world's population is
projected to double in about 54 years.
a.natural expectancy rate (NER)
b. slight increase rate (LIR)
c. natural increase rate (NIR)
d. life expectancy rate (LER)
e. crude birth rate (CBR) ✔️✔️c
country A has a crude birth rate of 60 and a crude death rate of 15, well country has a CBR of 27 and a
CDR of 9. which country has the bigger natural increase rate.
a. country A
b.country B
c.the NIR is the same in both locations
d. the rate depends on total population, so it can't be computed for this information
e. the CDR has no direct correlation to the CBR, so I cannot help determine the NIR ✔️✔️a
among the following world regions the least densely populated is
a. Southeast Asia
b. East Asia
c. sub-saharan Africa
d. Europe
