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Criminology Exam 2 Questions with Correct Answers
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Criminology Exam 2 Questions with Correct Answers
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Criminology Exam 2 Questions withCorrect Answers
Freud and his position - Answer-Suggested that a person's psychological well-being is
dependent on the healthy interaction of Id, Ego, and Superego
Social learning theory- understand the concept - Answer-Social learning theory
maintains that delinquent behavior is learned through the same psychological
processes as any other behavior
Deviance - Answer-Deviance is defined as any behavior that members of a social group
define as violating their norms
Subcultures and violence - Answer-- Wolfgang and Ferracuti argue that in some
subcultures behavior norms are dictated by a value system that demands the use of
force or violence
- Violence is not used in all situations, but it is frequently an expected response
Micro and macro sociological studies and the difference - Answer—Macro-sociological
Studies
>Explores the legal system, particularly law enforcement
>Powerful groups
>Social and economic directives of government
- Microsociological Studies
>Focus on informal systems
>Data based on individuals
>Examines a person's internal control system
The labeling perspective and their interests and not interested in - Answer-- Labeling
theorists began to explore how and why certain acts were defined as criminal or deviant
and others were not, and how and why certain people were defined as criminal or
deviant
- Suggests that the reactions of other people and the subsequent effects of those
reactions create deviance
- Criminal acts themselves are not particularly significant; the social reaction to them,
however, is.
- The primary concern of labeling theorists is the consequences of making and
enforcing rules.
Consensus Model - Answer-Assumes that members of society for the most part agree
on what is right and wrong, and that law is the codification of these shared social values
Conflict Model/ Theory - Answer-- Struggle for power is a basic feature of human
existence
, - Laws do not exist for the collective good but that they represent the interests of
specific groups that have the power to get them enacted
- Identify social conflict as a basic fact of life
- Identifies social conflict as a source of discriminatory treatment by the criminal justice
system of certain groups and social classes
- Studies bias and discrimination in the criminal justice system
Victim precipitation - Answer-Victim precipitation to refer to situations where victims
initiate the confrontations that lead to their death
Explanations of criminal behavior and which is most dominant in the US - Answer-
Sociological explanations of criminal behavior dominate in the United States
Psychoanalytic criminality and 3 possible causes - Answer-- The psychoanalytic theory
of criminality attributes delinquent and criminal behavior to at least three possible
causes
- 1. A conscience so overbearing that it arouses feelings of guilt
- 2. A conscience so weak that it cannot control the individual's impulses
- 3. The need for immediate gratification
Id - Answer-consists of powerful urges and drives for gratification and satisfaction
Ego - Answer-the executive of the personality, acting as a moderator between the
superego and id
Superego - Answer-acts as a moral code or conscience
Moral reasoning theory under Kohlberg, preconventional, conventional,
postconventional - Answer-- Post-conventional Level: individuals examine customs and
social rules according to their own sense of universal human rights, moral principles,
and duties
- According to Kohlberg, most delinquents and criminals function at the Preconventional
level
Differential association reinforcement theory/ Criminal behavior- persistence and what
causes - Answer-1. The persistence of criminal behavior depends on whether or not it is
rewarded or punished
Twin study - Answer-This finding lends some support to the hypothesis that some
genetic influences increase the risk of criminality
Adoption study - Answer-Findings suggest that criminality of the biological parents has
more influence on the child
Hershey and Hindelang and IQ, what they concluded about IQ - Answer-important
factor in predicting crime than either social class or race
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