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2024 MUSCULAR REFERENCES FOR STOTT PILATES EXAM WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
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2024 MUSCULAR REFERENCES FOR STOTT PILATES EXAM WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
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2024 MUSCULAR REFERENCESFOR STOTT PILATES EXAM WITH
100% CORRECT ANSWERS
Trapezius - upper, middle, and lower division - CORRECT-ANSWERSOrigins:
large, important, diamond shaped muscle; its origin is on the occiput,
nuchal ligament, and spinous process of the cervical vertebrae and
thoracic vertebrae
Insertions : the lateral third of the clavicle and acromion (upper fibers),
scapular spine (middle fibers), a tubercle at the medial end of the scapular
spine (lower fibers)
Actions of the Muscles:simultaneous contraction of all the fibers adducts
the scapula
upper fibers: elevation and upward rotation of the scapula
lower fibers: depression and upward rotation of the scapula
Levator Scapulae - CORRECT-ANSWERSOrigins: originates from the
transverse processes of C1-C4
Insertions : inserts on the superior angle of the scapula
Actions of the Muscles : elevates the scapula and rotates it downwards
Tibialis anterior & posterior - CORRECT-ANSWERStibialis anterior -
originates from the lateral condyle and superolateral shaft of tibia, passes
under the extensor retinaculum, and inserts on the medial cuneiform
this muscle is the strongest dorsiflexor
posterior -
Extensor hallucis longus - CORRECT-ANSWERSextensor hallicus longus -
arises from the central medial fibula and interosseous membrane, passes
under the extensor retinaculum, and inserts dorsally on distal phalanx I.
actions - dorsiflexion of big toe and foot; also supination
Extensor digitorum longus - CORRECT-ANSWERSoriginates from the lateral
tibial condyle, most of the anterior fibular shaft, and interosseous
membrane. its tendon passes under the extensor retinaculum, splits into
,four parts, and inserts on toes II-V. each of the four tendons further splits
into two slips attaching to the sides of the middle phalanx, and a central
slip attaching to the base of the distal phalanx
actions - dorsiflexion of toes II-V, foot, and ankle; it mainly acts on the
proximal phalanx and is one of the muscles responsible for the "clawing"
action of the toes
Peroneus tertius, longus & brevis - CORRECT-ANSWERSperoneus tertius -
insignificant muscle, absent in some individuals. it arises from the
anteroinferior fibula and inserts on metatarsal V
actions - dorsiflexion and eversion of the foot
peroneus brevis - arises from the inferolateral fibular shaft, where it is
covered by peroneus longus; its tendon passes behind the lateral
malleolus under the peroneal retinaculum, superior to the peroneal
tubercle and inserts on the lateral tubercle of metatarsal V
actions- pronator; assists in plantar flexion and abduction of foot
peroneus longus - arises from the head and superolateral shaft of fibula;
its tendon follows a complicated path behind the lateral malleols, under
the peroneal retinaculum, inferior to the peroneal tubercle of calcaneus,
along the groove of the cuboid, and finally inserts inferiorly on the base of
the medial cuneiform and base of metatarsal I.
actions - pronator and lowers medial edge; plantar flexes ankle
Flexor hallucis longus - CORRECT-ANSWERSarises from the posteroinferior
fibula and interosseous membrane, runs posterior to the medial malleous,
along a groove on the posterior talus, behind sustentaculum tali, along the
medial plantar surface of the foot, and inserts on distal phalanx I.
actions - plantar flexion of big toe and ankle, inversion, support of medial
arch; assists in plantar flexion and adduction of foot
Flexor digitorum longus - CORRECT-ANSWERSoriginates from the
posteromedial tibial shaft, runs posterior to the medial malleolus and
sustentaculum tali, along the plantar surface of the foot, and inserts on
distal phalanges II-V.
actions - plantar flexion of toes II-V and ankle, inversion of foot, support of
arches. This is the most powerful flexor of toes II-V. It also assists in
plantar flexion, supination, and adduction of the foot, the latter
counteracted by quadratus plantae
Rhomboid Major and Minor - CORRECT-ANSWERSOrigins: originate from
the spinous process of C7 and T1-T4
Insertions: insert on the medial border of the scapula
, Actions of the Muscles: adduct the scapula and rotate it downward
Serratus Anterior - CORRECT-ANSWERSOrigins: originates from the upper
ten ribs
Insertions: inserts along the entire medial border of the scapula
Actions of the Muscles: when the ribs are fixed, the muscle flattens the
medial border of the scapula against the ribcage; with the upper fibers, it
pulls the scapula laterally into upward rotation
Pectoralis Minor - CORRECT-ANSWERSOrigins: originates from ribs 3-5
Insertions : inserts on the coracoid process
Actions of the Muscles: when the ribs are fixed, it pulls the scapula
downward and foreward
Subclavius - CORRECT-ANSWERSOrigins : small muscle running from rib 1
and its cartilage
Insertions : underside of the clavicle
Actions of the Muscles: depresses the clavicle
Deltoid - anterior, medial and posterior division - CORRECT-
ANSWERSOrigins: the three groups of fibers converge toward the middle
of the arm
Insertions: insertion on the lateral surface of the humerus
Actions of the Muscles: contraction of anterior fibers: flexion and medial
rotation of the arm
Pectoralis major - sternal and clavicular division - CORRECT-
ANSWERSOrigins: has a clavicular head from the anterior, medial clavicle,
and a sternocostal head from the sternum and costal cartilages 1-6 and
rib 7
Insertions: The tendon is twisted such that the fibers from the clavicular
head insert below those from the sternocostal head on the lateral aspect
of the bicipital groove
Actions of the Muscles: when the ribcage is fixed, all the fibers adduct and
medially rotate the arm. The "hugging" muscle
Coracobrachialis - CORRECT-ANSWERSOrigins: arises from the coracoid
process
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