ejection fraction= stroke volume/ end diastolic volume
*typically around 55%
What causes S1 heart sound?
mitral and tricuspid valve closure
What causes the S2 heart sound?
aortic and pulmonary valve closure
What causes the S3 heart sound?
, rapid ventricular filling in early diastole
dicrotic notch (incisura)
a dip in the aortic pressure after closure of the AORTIC VALVE
What causes the S4 heart sound? and in what position is it best heard in the
patient?
filling of the ventricle in late distole/ early systole from atrial pressure
-best heard when pt. is in left lateral decubitus position
What is the longest phase of the cardiac cycle?
reduced ventricular filling (diastasis)
Baroreceptor reflex is a ___________ feedback system that is responsible for
minute to minute regulation of arterial blood pressure.
negative feedback
Where are the most sensitive baroreceptors located?
stretch receptors within the walls of the CAROTID SINUS
***at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery!
-also the AORTIC ARCH (but these only detect increases in pressure)
Barorecptors in the aortic arch respond to what type of change in arterial
pressure?
they respond to only an increase in arterial pressure, not to decrease
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